Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

The Effect of Detopping the Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and Lack of the Pod Setting on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria

The plants of field bean var. Nadwiślaνski were detopped after about 1 month since the beginning of flowering and after that all flower buds were removed from some plants. The effect of a change in the trophic balance on the setting and subsequent growth of root nodules was studied.
The removal of pods had the greater effect on the increase in the weight of the remaining organs than the detopping of plants. Detopping retarded the ageing of the plants and delayed the phase of the greatest reduction of the number of pods. The detopping of plants revealed their considerable compensative possibilities in terms of production of the pod weight and the potential of leaves for biomass production. The data obtained indicate that plant detopping may disturb the root–bacteria exchange of signals, necessary to initiate the nodule development, while the further growth of nodules depends, above all, on the amount of available photosynthates.
A very high correlation between the dry weight of the whole plant to the dry weight of leaves ratio and the weight of nodules was observed. It proves the importance of the trophic balance of the plant for the root nodule weight production.     

苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗光合作用和细胞超微结构的影响

 通过基质栽培研究不同浓度的苯丙烯酸对黄瓜幼苗光合作用和超微结构的影响。结果表明，苯丙烯酸浓度在80 µmol·L 时显著地降低了黄瓜幼苗的叶面积、叶绿素a含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、根系活力和气孔张开数(P<0.05)；叶绿体和线粒体等超微结构也受到破坏，而浓度在150 µmol·L 时显著减少了全株干质量和气孔总数，细胞器出现解体现象。     

设施油桃根系的生理生化代谢动态

研究了设施栽培条件下曙光油桃根系的碳氮物质代谢、POD和SOD活性的动态变化。结果表明,在新根的生长季节,根系中可溶性糖、蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸总量、POD、SOD活性的变化与新根的生长具有相同的趋势,淀粉则相反。粗根的淀粉、可溶性糖含量、POD活性高于细根,而蛋白质含量、游离氨基酸总量和SOD活性则变化较大。     

小叶锦鸡儿根瘤固氮活性的动态变化

对多年生小叶锦鸡儿不同生育期根瘤固氮能力、不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿根瘤固氮能力进行调查,结果表明:开花期固氮酶活性最高,此时土壤含氮量和植株含氮量最高;新瘤多发生于果后营养期,植株生物量的峰值出现在结实期;二年生和五年生植株的根瘤固氮能力强于三年、四年生植株,随生长年限的延长,植株生物量逐渐增大,含氮量呈小幅度下降趋势。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%～20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti、三线镰孢F.tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F.flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F.acuminatum及F.langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

东方百合组织培养浅述

综述了东方百合的组织培养技术,包括外植体来源、影响组织培养的因素和组培苗的生根和移栽。     

树木根系分布与季节冻结滞水关系探讨

采用造林技术于冻结滞水理论技术相结合的方法,研究树木根系发育分布与冻结滞水的相关性,为防治荒漠,提高造林成活率提供理论技术依据,研究结果表明,苗木和高秆造林树木根系主要分布在地表以下20 cm~75 cm深度内,即冻结滞水富水带内,含水量达40%~50%,春季冻融水满足苗木生根成活的要求.80 cm~160 cm深度分贫水带,含水量〉5%,高杆造林树木根系极少.到160 cm~200 cm含水量增加,发育,第二层根系。冻结滞水资源是提高苗木成活率,生存繁的重要水资源。     

基质添加菌剂对黄瓜根际环境及产量的影响

在播种前和定植后分别向基质中添加FZB-42、GM以及Bio微生物菌剂,研究其对黄瓜生长和基质环境的影响。连续3茬试验结果表明:添加GM菌剂减缓了基质pH值的升高速度,提高了基质的电导率,改善了基质营养供应能力;FZB-42处理能显著减少基质中细菌数量,增加放线菌数量;FZB-42、GM和Bio处理的黄瓜根长分别比对照增加57.1%、51.8%和44.9%,根表面积增加了56.5%、51.5%和44.3%,根体积增加了35.4%、82.3%和61.1%;不同菌剂处理均能提高黄瓜单株产量,Bio和GM处理增产效果明显。     

连作土灭菌对葡萄生长及根系分泌特性的影响

为探讨葡萄连作障碍产生的原因,采用盆栽模拟试验,对葡萄连作土壤进行蒸汽灭菌,研究连作土灭菌后葡萄植株生长及根系分泌特性的变化。结果表明,连作土灭菌显著增加了葡萄植株的株高和茎粗,其中以7月份的增加幅度最大,分别比连作土增加了1.51倍和0.14倍,地上和地下鲜质量随着生长期的延长也表现出显著增加的趋势,以9月份的增加幅度最大,分别增加了1.18倍和1.09倍。并且连作土壤灭菌后葡萄叶片SOD酶活性增强,MDA含量降低,根系活力随生长期的延长,表现出先下降再上升的趋势。另外,研究发现连作土壤灭菌后葡萄根系分泌的还原糖及氨基酸总量显著降低,分别比连作土壤降低了72.60%和91.10%;氨基酸的种类及其含量也发生改变,其中Ile、Leu和Tyr3种氨基酸未达到检测水平,其他氨基酸含量降低。可见,对连作土壤进行有效的灭菌后,可以改变根际微生态的核心因素即根系分泌物的成分及含量,促进植株的生长,减轻葡萄的连作障碍,进而证实了土壤生物因素是葡萄连作障碍产生的重要原因之一。