Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

发酵床垫料翻耙结合网床养殖改善鸭舍空气质量与鸭生产性能

为解决规模化肉鸭生产中粪污影响鸭健康和污染环境的问题,研发了一种发酵床结合网床架养新技术及其配套的可移动式网床下发酵床垫料翻耙系统,并研究了该模式在控制舍内气载微生物数量和提高鸭生产性能中的优势。结果显示:1)可移动式发酵床垫料翻耙系统实现不同发酵床体共用一台翻耙机。2)与发酵床平养相比,鸭26日龄之前未翻耙垫料时,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.531×105 CFU/m3)和大肠杆菌数量(1.298×104 CFU/m3)显著升高(P0.05);鸭27~34日龄时每4 d翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(2.304×105 CFU/m3)和金黄色葡萄球菌数量(1.353×105 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05);鸭35~39日龄时每天翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌数量(14.13 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05)。3)在发酵床平养舍内,与每4 d翻耙1次垫料相比,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(2.688×105 CFU/m3)、大肠杆菌(2.038×104 CFU/m3)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.90×104 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(47.11 CFU/m3)数量显著(P0.05)降低,而在发酵床网养舍内,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(14.13 CFU/m3)数量显著降低(P0.05)。4)与发酵床平养相比,发酵床网养增加鸭体质量(P0.05),降低死亡率和上市淘汰率(P0.05)。结果表明研发的肉鸭养殖新模式能更好地减少舍内空气中病原菌浓度,改善鸭舍内空气环境,提高鸭生产性能。该研究为发酵床结合网床架养新模式在规模企业中推广应用提供技术支持。     

水稻高留茬免机翻浅机耕保护性耕作浅析

文章通过对水稻高留茬免机翻浅机耕保护性耕作技术的阐述,为广大农户提供了一项实用的科学水田种植技术的可行性和操作性进行了充分阐述,值得水田种植户借鉴。     

沪池沟流域水平梯田建设研究

沪池沟流域水平梯田建设研究孙天星，郑合英（黄河水利学校水土保持专业科，开封市４７５００１）沪池沟流域位于河南省西部洛宁县境内，系黄河二级支流，属黄土丘陵沟壑区第三副区，流域面积２３．２９ｋｍ２。该流域１９８８年被列为黄河中游水上保持综合治理试点小流域...     

新疆农田粉土离散元仿真参数标定

【目的】标定新疆地区粉土离散元仿真模型,量化分析农业机械触土部件与土壤的相互作用。【方法】采用EDEM离散元仿真软件,运用斜坡试验标定土壤与触土材料（65 Mn）之间的接触参数,堆积角试验标定土壤与土壤之间的接触参数,以斜坡滚动距离为优化目标进行回归分析。【结果】土壤与65 Mn之间离散元模型参数的一种优化组合为恢复系数0.51,静摩擦系数0.56,动摩擦系数0.08,JKR表面能4.12;以堆积角为优化目标,土壤之间离散元模型参数的一种优化组合为恢复系数0.57,静摩擦系数0.65,动摩擦系数0.23,JKR表面能4.49。滚动距离和堆积角的误差分别为6.05%、1.28%。【结论】在建立的仿真模型条件下,在8、9、10 km/h作业速度下,犁体仿真试验与实际试验的工作阻力相对误差为5.69%、5.95%、6.49%,建立的模型真实可靠。     

用岭估计研究以RS和GIS为基础的森林郁闭度估测

本文根据最小二乘估计（LS）及岭估计（R）原理，利用平均残差平方和准则，从样地对应的RS和GIS信息中，用计算机仿真方法筛选出影响郁闭度估测的主要信息。在分析LS估计存在缺陷的基础上，提出采用岭估计建立郁闭度估测方程。实例分析表明，当在影响郁闭度估测的变量间存在复共线性时，岭估计比LS估计具有较高的预报精度，可以满足生产的需要。     

基于岭回归的水资源承载力影响因素分析

采用岭回归方法建立模型并将其应用于烟台市水资源承载力影响因素分析中。结果表明：水资源承载力受总人口数的影响最大,其次是供水能力。影响程度最小的因素是工业单位个数,GDP和人均国民生产总值对承载力的影响相同。该模型保证了分析结果的准确性和科学性,为实现烟台市的水资源可持续发展提供了借鉴和参考意义。     

覆膜时期和方式对黄土高原春玉米耗水特性和产量的影响

黄土高原中南部水资源匮乏和降雨时空错位限制了该区春玉米产量潜力的提升,通过分析不同的覆膜时期和覆膜方式对休闲期土壤蓄水、保墒和春玉米生育期耗水特性、产量的影响,旨在提出适宜于黄土高原雨养农业区春玉米高效用水的栽培模式。以‘先玉335'作为供试品种,采用覆膜时期和覆膜方式的双因素设计,随机区组排列,通过设置平地无覆盖(CK)、秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖(AFF)、播前全膜双垄沟覆盖(SFF)、秋季半膜平铺覆盖(ASF)、播前半膜平铺覆盖(SSF)5种处理的对比研究,分析不同覆膜时期和覆膜方式相结合下春玉米耗水规律,以及互作模式下耗水特性与产量之间的关系。AFF和SFF集雨、蓄水、保水能力显著高于半膜平铺和平地无覆盖,整个生育期内耗水强度和玉米生长吻合。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖(AFF)休闲期土壤贮水消耗量较露地减少53.82%,较秋季半膜平铺减少33.89%,最大程度保证春玉米苗期土壤含水量,为出苗提供了充足的水资源,提高出苗率,为后期生长奠定基础。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖虽然生育期耗水量相比其他处理增加,但有较高的水分利用效率和降水生产效率。2016年玉米收获季,秋季全膜双垄沟播模式0~200cm各土层水分含量较低,但是,经过下一个休闲期处理,土壤含水量从总量上得到完全恢复,2017年播前,秋季全膜双垄沟播模式0~200cm大多数土层水分含量显著高于平地处理。秋季全膜双垄沟覆盖(AFF)产量相比CK、SSF、ASF、SFF分别增产81.88%、34.01%、42.55%、20.60%,达到显著差异。在黄土高原中南部推广秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培模式可以显著提高玉米产量、水分利用效率和降水生产效率,同时可以实现土壤水分的可持续利用。     

不同深耕方式和秸秆还田对夏玉米植株性状及籽粒产量的影响

以深耕(常规耕作)、秸秆还(不还)田为要素组合5种不同处理,研究其对夏玉米的叶面积指数、灌浆速率(百粒重)、下部茎节、穗部性状及产量的影响。结果表明:各处理玉米籽粒在灌浆前期干重快速增长,而后平缓持续增长;秸秆还田对玉米叶面积指数影响较大,对下部茎节的节长和茎粗影响也较大;隔1年深耕+秸秆还田处理在夏玉米的各个测定指标上均优于其他处理。可见,深耕和秸秆还田可增加夏玉米籽粒干物质的积累,提高叶面积指数,从而达到增产的效果。