Devastation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) crops in different agroclimatic zones of India by genetically diverse subgroups of phytoplasma

The sesame crop is highly susceptible to infection by phytoplasmas, a class of cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria (Mollicutes), which is responsible for widespread loss of sesame crops in both North and South India in recent years. Therefore, characterizing the pathogen population is required before the control measures can be devised and implemented. With molecular tools based on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, sequencing, restriction profiling, and phylogenetic analysis, phyllody-affected sesame plants collected from nine different states of India were found to be infected by phytoplasmas belonging to two 16Sr groups, namely 16SrI and II. Two subgroups of phytoplasma −16SrI-B and 16SrII-D— were prevalent in symptomatic sesame samples collected from North India, whereas phytoplasma of only the 16SrII group was found in South India. However, the latter samples were diverse, belonging to three different subgroups (16SrII-A, II-C, and II-D). In addition, yearly phyllody-affected sesame samples from Delhi for 4 consecutive years (2007–2010) showed variation in the infecting phytoplasma: the subgroup 16SrII-D was detected in samples collected in 2007, and 16SrI-B was predominantly found in the samples collected in the subsequent years. The study also provides molecular evidence for the association between 16SrI-B phytoplasma and different symptoms in sesame crops such as fasciation, little leaf, and stunting. This is the first study to report the association of the phytoplasma subgroups 16SrII-A and II-D with sesame crops in India. This study provides a baseline for designing specific detection and molecular analysis strategies for quarantine purposes. It also highlights the need for examining the dynamics of seasonal or location-specific variation in vector populations to determine the pattern of infection outbreaks.     

真核生物核糖体和mRNA翻译的研究进展

文中就真核生物核糖体和mRNA翻译的研究进展进行了综述,并对其未来研究发展进行了展望。     

10株白僵菌菌株形态学与分子鉴定

对10株白僵菌属菌株的菌落形态、产孢结构和分生孢子形状、大小作了观察与测量,形态学鉴定为球孢白僵菌。同时对此10株球孢白僵菌核糖体DNA-ITS进行了测序分析,与NCBI数据库中的球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)多个菌株的同源性达99.10%～99.64%。依此,10株白僵菌菌株分子鉴定结果为球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)。     

Nitrogen fertilization reduces diversity and alters community structure of active fungi in boreal ecosystems

Nitrogen (N) availability is increasing in many ecosystems due to anthropogenic disturbance. We used a nucleotide analog technique and sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes to test whether N fertilization altered active fungal communities in two boreal ecosystems. In decaying litter from a recently burned spruce forest, Shannon diversity decreased significantly with N fertilization, and taxonomic richness declined from 44 to 33 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). In soils from a mature spruce forest, richness also declined with N fertilization, from 67 to 52 OTUs. Fungal community structure in litter differed significantly with N fertilization, primarily because fungi of the order Ceratobasidiales increased in abundance. We observed similar changes in fungal diversity and community structure with starch addition to litter, suggesting that N fertilization may affect fungal communities by altering plant carbon inputs. These changes could have important consequences for ecosystem processes such as decomposition and nutrient mineralization.     

Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

Genetic differentiation in the olive complex (Olea europaea) revealed by RAPDs and RFLPs in the rRNA genes

We assessed the genetic differentiation of the Mediterranean olive from its wild relatives found in different geographic areas (Mediterranean, Asia, Africa) using eighty RAPDs revealed with eight primers. Variance analysis (AMOVA) enabled us to estimate the overall genetic differentiation parameters between wild populations. Oleasters from the Near East and Turkey were discriminated from the other Mediterranean populations. Olea laperrinei, O. maroccana and O. cerasiformis were the taxa the most related to the Mediterranean olive. In contrast, O. africana was shown to be the most genetically distant taxa from the Mediterranean olive. However, we characterised hybrid trees between these two taxa. Significant trends between genetic and geographic distances were met within the subspecies cuspidata and within the Mediterranean olive. A genetic diversity gradient was observed in both subspecies europaea and cuspidata. These results are in agreement with a mechanism of differentiation by distance in the O. europaea complex, but another non-exclusive mechanism could also be gene flow between differentiated taxa. Furthermore, we characterised the discriminating power of each RAPD to recognise the different taxa using intraclass correlation coefficients. Lastly, IGS-RFLPs enabled us to assess rDNA polymorphisms on a sub-sample of individuals. On the basis of these data, a low interspecifc differentiation was found. This suggests a recent genetic divergence between the different taxa of the O. europaea complex or the occurrence of gene flow during favourable periods or because human displacements. All the olive cultivars were genetically related to the oleaster populations supporting that Mediterranean is the olive domestication area.     

辽宁省辣椒土传病害镰刀菌鉴定及rDNA-ITS序列分析

［目的］ 对分离的辣椒镰刀菌形态、基因序列进行研究,以确定病原菌的种类及这些菌的同源性,为进一步开展该病害诊断和防治研究奠定基础。［方法］ 对采自辽宁省各地辣椒土传病害的16株病菌进行形态观察及rDNA-ITS序列分析。［结果］ 引起辽宁省辣椒土传病害的主要镰刀菌有尖镰孢、茄镰孢、锐顶镰孢和串珠镰孢等4种,根据菌株分生孢子形态和rDNA ITS序列同源性,将ZW13、LY3、PJLJ、HC5、CY2、CY5、TLLJ、LY5、LY1菌株聚类为尖镰孢;FSLJ2和FSLJ3菌株聚类为茄镰孢;ZW和ZW18菌株聚类为锐顶镰孢;KPLJ、LZLJ、FSLJ1菌株聚类为串珠镰孢。［结论］ 从分子系统树和菌株间的遗传距离看出镰刀菌同种同源性都很高,不同种之间同源性相对较低,种间遗传差异较大。     

Molecular characterization of potentially zoonotic isolates of Giardia duodenalis in horses

Giardia isolates from eight horses from New York State (NY), USA and two horses from Western Australia (WA) were genetically characterized at the SSU-rDNA and triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the TPI gene provided strong support for the placement of both isolates of Giardia from horses in WA and a single isolate from a horse in NY within the assemblage AI genotype of G. duodenalis. Another two isolates from horses in NY placed within the assemblage AII genotype of G. duodenalis. Phylogenetic analysis of the TPI gene also provided strong bootstrap support for the placement of four G. duodenalis isolates from horses in NY into a potentially host-specific sub-assemblage of assemblage BIV. The results of this study are consistent with previous studies showing that assemblages AI and AII of G. duodenalis provide the greatest potential zoonotic risk to humans. Horses may therefore constitute a potential source for human infection of Giardia either directly or via watersheds.     

山东花生茎腐病病原菌研究

从山东省多地采集的花生茎腐病株上分离到15个茎腐病菌株,选取6个典型菌株,对病原菌进行形态特征、致病性、生物学特性研究。核糖体DNA-ITS序列分析表明,6个菌株的核糖体DNA-ITS序列同源性高达99%。根据病原菌的形态特征、核糖体DNA-ITS序列同源性比较,确认供试6个菌株为同一种病原菌,与GenBank中可可毛色二孢属（Ｌasiodiplodia）（Diplodia的同物异名）的同源性高达99%以上。根据6个菌株的形态特征、致病性测定结果及生物学特性,并结合核糖体DNA-ITS序列分析,将山东花生茎腐病的病原鉴定为棉色二孢菌（Diplodia gossypina )。     

山东蚕区桑黄化型萎缩病病原物的分子鉴定

以采自山东省宁阳市桑园的桑黄化型萎缩病发病植株叶脉组织为材料,通过PCR扩增植原体16S rRNA基因及延伸因子基因(tuf)和核糖体蛋白基因(rp),分别得到大小约为1.4、0.8和1.2 kb的目的片段并测定序列。以该病原物的16S rRNA基因与GanBank中相关的植原体16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树并进行RFLP分析,结果显示该病原物属于翠菊黄化组的16SⅠr-B亚组,与翠菊黄化组16SⅠr-B亚组典型成员的同源性为99.9%。进一步对延伸因子基因和核糖体蛋白基因构建系统发育树并做RFLP分析,结果显示该病原物与翠菊黄化组的tuⅠf-B亚组典型成员和rpⅠ-B亚组典型成员的同源性分别达到99.6%、99.9%。由此在3个基因水平确定该植原体的分类地位属于16SrⅠ-B、tuⅠf-B和rpⅠ-B亚组。