影响吉林省亚洲玉米螟〔Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenee）〕一代发生区发生量长期预测的关键因子Ⅱ.发生程度与降雨及种群质量的关系

玉米螟的发生程度与5～8月初的降雨和种群质量密切相关，降雨主要影响越冬种群的复苏、化蛹、羽化、成虫的活动及3令前幼虫的存活，5～6月份特别干旱不利于越冬种群的复苏、化蛹和羽化．对成虫的产卵量有影响；7月份的干旱或大暴雨严重影响成虫的活动、卵的孵化和3令前幼虫的存活。不同年度间一、二化种群在越冬种群中所占的比例影响越冬种群的质量，在以一化种群为主时，玉米螟繁殖力强、发生晚，危害重。     

Determinants of groundnut rosette virus disease occurrence in Uganda

Groundnut rosette virus disease (GRVD) is the major constraint to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) production in Uganda. It is principally transmitted by the groundnut aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch). The disease is known to cause total crop failure in cases where susceptible varieties are used. During any particular season, GRVD displays variations in incidence and severity in different agro-ecologies within the country, but the reasons for the varying disease patterns remain unclear. This study was aimed at establishing the factors influencing the occurrence of GRVD in Uganda. Trials were established for three seasons in four groundnut growing locations situated in different agro-ecologies in Uganda. Four groundnut genotypes were used as treatments in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Disease progress and aphid populations were assessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting. Data on environmental factors; particularly rainfall, temperature and wind speed were obtained from standard meteorological stations located at/near the study sites. Soil samples and yield data were also obtained in each season. The study revealed that disease incidence; severity and groundnut yields were significantly affected by season, location and genotype. The same applied to their three way interactions. Levels of disease infection were found to be majorly influenced by rainfall and wind speed. Disease incidence and severity were generally higher in conditions with less rainfall and low wind speeds. The Pearson's two tailed correlation between total rainfall and disease incidence for all trial sites was negative and highly significant (r = −0.280, P ≤ 0.01). The same was true for wind speed and disease incidence (r = −0.476, P ≤ 0.01). However, there was no conclusive trend between temperature and disease incidence with the Pearson's two tailed correlation showing significantly positive and negative trends depending on location.     

1960～2010年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量变化特征分析

利用宜良县1960～2010年的年降水量和小型蒸发量资料,采用线性趋势、干燥度等统计学方法,分析近51年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量的变化特征.结果表明,1960～ 2010年宜良县降雨量和蒸发量均在逐年减小,特别是21世纪以来降雨量和蒸发量均减少,可利用水资源较少.宜良县降雨主要集中在5～10月,蒸发主要集中在3～9月,其中3～5月降雨量较少,而蒸发对水的消耗比较明显,气候比较干燥,容易发生春旱;10 ～11月蒸发对水的消耗比较小,而这个阶段降水也比较少,也容易发生秋旱.     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

Analysis of flowering,stigmas yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by environmental conditions

Saffron is well known for its use as a condiment spice, as a dye and traditional medicine. Saffron is experiencing an increasing interest mainly due to its peculiar and manifold properties of the metabolic pool of its stigmas, mainly crocetin esters and picrocrocin. This species is cultivated in environments with very different climatic conditions and with very different corm rates from place to place, passed down over the centuries. The aim of this study was therefore the evaluation of the influence of rainfall, temperature and corm density on flower phenology, stigmas yield and main compositional characteristics of two saffron corms provenience. Flowering beginning in saffron seems to be influenced by the combination of temperature and soil moisture, whilst its flowering calendar proves independent of corm provenance, environment and plant density. On the contrary, the studied factors exert a strong effect on both total stigmas yield and qualitative characteristics: colder environment resulted in a higher flower production, but lower quality of stigmas. Flower number was positively correlated with the stigmas yield, but negatively with its unitary weight. The content of crocetin esters and picrocrocin has been evaluated according to the spectrophotometric ISO normative, which ranked the samples into three qualitative decreasing categories (I–III). The spectrophotometric data showed positive correlation with the unitary stigmas weight and negative with stigmas production.     

1981-2017年砚瓦川流域蒸发量变化特征研究

利用砚瓦川流域1981-2017年蒸发量实测数据,运用数理统计、线性回归分析、Man-Kendall检验等方法分析研究砚瓦川流域多年蒸发量变化特征。结果表明,（1）砚瓦川流域37年蒸发量变化总体呈下降趋势,其平均减少速率为4.75mm,2006年是减少突变年。（2）砚瓦川流域37年年平均蒸发量为1182.23mm,80年代的年均蒸发量高于平均值。（3）砚瓦川流域春季蒸发量波动幅度最大,秋季次之,冬季蒸发量波动幅度最小,夏季蒸发量最大,约占全年蒸发量的42.36%。（4）砚瓦川流域月平均蒸发量最大的为6月,最小的为12月。（5）砚瓦川37年降雨量和蒸发量均在减小,但降雨量的减小速率略大于蒸发量的减小速率。     

基于CROPWAT模型的哈尔滨地区26年大豆生产水足迹变化研究

水足迹是大豆主产区作物生长期农业用水评价的新指标体系,为定量评价哈尔滨地区大豆生产水足迹组成及降雨年型对大豆生产的影响,利用CROPWAT模型计算哈尔滨1986-2011年26年间大豆生产水足迹,探讨不同降水年型大豆生产水足迹及其水足迹组成来源的变化规律,评价其与哈尔滨地区大豆种植面积和产量的关系。结果表明:26年间,大豆生产水足迹中,蓝水足迹和绿水足迹所占的比例不同,绿水足迹为0.12～0.29 m^3·kg^-1,是大豆水足迹的主要组成部分;对比不同降水年型大豆生产水足迹组成,在欠水年型整体上存在着显著的蓝水集聚效应,出现蓝水的5个年份主要集中在欠水年区域,蓝水范围为0.017 4～0.048 2 m^3·kg^-1,占水足迹9.52%～28.73%;1986-2011年水足迹整体呈递减趋势,即随着农业管理技术的提升,单位产量绿水消耗量在逐渐减少。丰水年和欠水年与平水年相比,有效降雨量与大豆单产拟合方程R^2较大,表明在雨量较大或较小时降水分布对产量影响效应关系更接近于二次函数。本研究结果能够为黑龙江大豆主产区水肥统筹管理提供依据。     

神府煤田土壤颗粒分形及降雨对径流产沙的影响

神府煤田在开发建设过程中造成的扰动地面、弃土体、弃渣体产生了严重的人为水土流失。采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究了土壤分形维数及降雨强度对未扰动地面、扰动地面、弃土体及弃渣体径流产沙的影响。结果表明,(1)弃土体、弃渣体随产流历时呈现突增—下降—稳定的过程,扰动地面和未扰动地面则经历上升—稳定的产流过程,各下垫面径流率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(2)各下垫面土壤颗粒分形维数的大小为D1(弃渣体)D2(弃土体)D3(扰动地面)D4(未扰动地面),次降雨径流量与降雨强度、分形维数分别呈显著的线性、幂函数关系,且D1~D2及D3~D4之间存在用以区分下垫面类型的临界分形维数值。(3)弃渣体侵蚀过程线呈先波动后稳定趋势,弃土体则呈多峰多谷特点,扰动地面和未扰动地面在1.0~2.5 mm min-1雨强下侵蚀速率均先增大后逐渐稳定,3.0 mm min-1时二者侵蚀速率则波动剧烈。四种下垫面平均侵蚀速率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(4)次降雨产沙量与降雨强度、分形维数均呈显著的幂函数关系。(5)径流量、产沙量与雨强和分形维数分别呈显著的线性、指数函数关系。分形维数对矿区土壤侵蚀模型的建立有重要的科学意义。     

覆盖材料和沟垄比对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

为改善半干旱地区土壤水分状况和提高降雨资源利用率,在中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地布置田间试验,采用完全随机设计,以无覆盖平作为对照,研究不同覆盖材料垄作(普通地膜、生物可降解地膜和无覆盖土垄)及垄作不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对燕麦土壤贮水量、干草产量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等的影响。结果表明,就同一覆盖处理的平均值而言,土壤贮水量的排列次序为普通地膜≈生物可降解地膜土垄平作,在同一覆盖处理下,土壤贮水量随沟垄比减小而增加。土垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别降低12%、18%和27%;生物可降解膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高5%、4%和14%;普通膜垄燕麦的干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率比平作分别提高7%、9%和23%。就大多数情况而言,燕麦干草产量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率随沟垄比减小而减小。对垄宽和实际籽粒产量的回归分析表明,当沟垄比为60 cm∶38 cm时,普通膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 213 kg·hm-2;当沟垄比为60 cm∶34 cm时,生物可降解膜垄的燕麦实际籽粒产量达到最大值2 114 kg·hm-2。平作、土垄、生物可降解膜垄和普通膜垄燕麦经济效益分别为5 194元·hm-2、4 557元·hm-2、4 889元·hm-2和5 637元·hm-2。从燕麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和环保等方面考虑,在我国半干旱黄土高原区沟垄集雨种植燕麦,覆盖材料应采用生物可降解膜,沟宽∶垄宽为60 cm∶34 cm。