拖拉机集材对迹地土壤条件及苗木生长影响的研究(Ⅱ)——拖拉机对集材道苗木生长影响的灰色动态分析

履带式拖拉机和轮式拖拉机由于其走行机构的不同,其集材道土壤压实也存在差异,特别衡量土壤压实的两个重要指标——土壤硬度和孔隙度——两种机型不一致。通过对调查测定数据进行计算处理以及用灰色系统理论进行动态分析,结果表明:与轮式拖拉机相比,履带式拖拉机对苗木生长是有利的。     

Porosity and capillarity of weft knitted spacer structures

A geometrical model of weft knitted spacer structures made with mono-filament yarn has been analysed to understand the spacer yarn path. Theoretical models have been created to predict the porosity and the radius of the capillaries of a knitted spacer structure depending on their geometrical parameters, such as course spacing, wale spacing, stitch length, fabric thickness, count of yarn and fibre density. Polyester knitted spacer fabrics were produced with different parameters; their porosity was determined by measuring the weight and compared with the theoretical porosity. The validity of the model was confirmed by experimental results. The porosity of knitted spacer structures made out of mono-filament yarn can be maintained above a certain level by adjusting the fabric parameters such as fabric thickness, course spacing and wale spacing.     

Tillage and land use effects on soil microporosity in Ohio, USA and Kolombangara, Solomon Islands

Micropores are important to soil moisture retention and plant growth. Microporosity and pore size distribution were evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetery on aggregates from 35-year-old experiments started in 1962 at Wooster (40.5 °N, 82 °W) and South Charleston (39.8 °N, 84 °W) in Ohio, USA and from three land use practices on Kolombangara (8 °S, 157 °E) in Solomon Islands. Tillage treatments in Ohio included: moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP), and no-till (NT) with continuous corn. The land use treatments in Kolombangara included: natural forest (NF), traditional farming (TF) and topsoil removal (TR). Pore size measured in aggregates ranged from 0.2 to 100 μm in diameter. Median pore radius was significantly (P < 0.05) larger for NT than for MP and CP treatments at Wooster, but not at South Charleston. Tillage treatments had significant effect on the volume of both storage and residual pores for both sites in Ohio. Volume of storage and residual pores were higher for Wooster than South Charleston soil. At Kolombangara, the NF treatment had significantly larger median and peak pore radii, and microporosity than TF and TR treatments. There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in the volume of pore size distribution. These data support a recommendation for adoption of no-till or conservation tillage in soils of the temperate region, and of minimal disturbance and effective erosion control in soils of the tropics.     

基于果壳孔隙率测定的荔枝干燥仿真

针对荔枝干燥性能受果壳孔隙结构制约问题,通过电镜观察了果壳不同表面的孔隙形态,应用Image Pro软件,计算了其平均孔隙率。通过构建荔枝多层结构水分高温蒸发与热质传输耦合模型,采用Fluent软件,仿真了荔枝70℃干燥过程温度、压力、速度的变化,并比较了该过程的水相体积分数仿真结果与试验值差异。结果表明：荔枝果壳各表面孔隙结构存在自相似性,其平均孔隙率为0.516±0.032;荔枝干燥失水,果体温度由果壳向内传导,渐近平衡;果壳内表面形成逐渐增大的负压差;果肉表面水蒸气速度低,压差小,随时间增加,水蒸气速度及压差波动均增大;仿真结果与试验值能较好对应。     

关于土壤孔隙度测定的商榷

束缚水的密度>lgcm-3,而且在饱和水和毛管水中不能忽略束缚水占有的重量。1g最大束缚水占据的平均体积≈0.776cm3。因此,饱和水的克数不能视为毫升数,最大毛管水的克数也不能视为毫升数。如果把该克数视为毫升数,那么总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度的测定将有不可接受的误差,而且测定结果高于真值。     

散粒物料孔隙率测定装置的研制

依据理想气体状态方程研制的孔隙率测定装置,可以直接、迅速测得散粒物料在各种特定状态条件下的孔隙率。该装置对于一些吸湿性强的物料、特别是易溶于水、比重测试较复杂的散粒物料尤为适宜。经测试证明,该装置测试准确、简便。该文提供的对不同装料方法、不同杂质含量、不同粒度成分的散粒物料孔隙率测定结果,有参考价值。     

生物物料颗粒空隙率对其干燥质量的影响

为研究干燥过程中生物物料颗粒结构对质量的影响,在不同的进口风温条件下,利用振动流化床干燥机对由清蛋白,面粉及麦麸构成的具有不同初始体积空隙率的混合物颗粒进行了干燥试验。建立了其干燥动力学及质量降解动力学的用于预测热力干燥过程中颗粒结构对产品质量的影响。     

施入保水剂土壤吸水膨胀试验

以施入保水剂的土壤为研究对象,建立了施入保水剂土壤吸水后的空隙变化模型,并对不同含水率条件下土壤孔隙进行了测定,对模型进行了求参和验证,表明此模型具有较好的模拟效果,并以此为基础对施入保水剂条件下的土体吸水膨胀和孔隙度变化进行了分析,结果表明,保水剂施入量越高,膨胀量增加越大,孔隙度的增加也越大.     

不同种植年限设施土壤容重与孔性分析

[目的]对不同种植年限对设施土壤耕作层容重及孔度进行研究。[方法]利用＂S＂形布点采样法采集不同土层深度土样,并测定土壤容重、总孔度、毛管孔度、通气孔度等指标。[结果]随着使用年限的增加,设施内不同深度土壤的容重随着种植年限的增加呈现下降趋势,总孔度呈现上升趋势,毛管孔度的变化幅度不是很大。不同采样时间对设施土壤耕层土壤容重和孔度数值变化影响不大。[结论]为改善设施蔬菜作物生长环境提供依据。     

菌糠改良土壤孔隙度效果的研究

以香菇菌糠为底肥,以种植玉米的土壤为研究对象,研究了菌糠不同施用量（0、2 500、5 000、7 500和10 000 kg/hm2）对土壤孔隙度的改良效果。结果表明：施用菌糠改良土壤孔隙度效果良好,随着菌糠施用量由0增加到10 000 kg/hm2,土壤孔隙度由40.0%增加到54.8%,处理间差异达到了极显著水平。在该土壤上种植的玉米产量和品质均有所提高,施用香菇菌糠改良粘黄土土壤孔隙度是可行的。