The Alleviating Effect of Elevated CO2 on Heat Stress Susceptibility of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars

This study analysed the alleviating effect of elevated CO₂ on stress‐induced decreases in photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different origin. The plants were grown in ambient (400 μl l^?1) and elevated (800 μl l^?1) CO₂ with a day/night temperature of 15/10 °C. At the growth stages of tillering, booting and anthesis, the plants were subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for three continuous days. Photosynthetic parameters, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (F_v/F_m) and contents of pigments and carbohydrates in leaves were analysed before and during the stress treatments as well as after 1 day of recovery. Heat stress reduced P_N and F_v/F_m in both wheat cultivars, but plants grown in elevated CO₂ maintained higher P_N and F_v/F_m in comparison with plants grown in ambient CO₂. Heat stress reduced leaf chlorophyll contents and increased leaf sucrose contents in both cultivars grown at ambient and elevated CO₂. The content of hexoses in the leaves increased mainly in the tolerant cultivar in response to the combination of elevated CO₂ and heat stress. The results show that heat stress tolerance in wheat is related to cultivar origin, the phenological stage of the plants and can be alleviated by elevated CO₂. This confirms the complex interrelation between environmental factors and genotypic traits that influence crop performance under various climatic stresses.     

超声波辅助提取黑豆皮色素工艺优化

为了优化超声波辅助提取黑豆皮色素的工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应曲面法对影响黑豆皮色素提取效果的3个主要影响因素即超声功率、溶液pH值和液固比进行了优化,建立并分析了各因子与黑豆皮色素提取液吸光值关系的数学模型。结果表明：原料用量0.5 g,在超声功率为80 W、溶液pH值1.5、液固比30 mL/g时,黑豆皮色素提取效果较好,在此条件下色素的提取率达到95.6%。     

Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm

In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits.     

Actinomycin X2, an Antimicrobial Depsipeptide from Marine-Derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus Applied as a Good Natural Dye for Silk Fabric

Actinomycins as clinical medicine have been extensively studied, while few investigations were conducted to discover the feasibility of actinomycins as antimicrobial natural dye contributing to the medical value of the functional fabrics. This study was focused on the application of actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2), a peptide pigment cultured from marine-derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus, in the dyeing and finishing of silk fabric. The dyeing potential of Ac.X2 with silk vs. cotton fabrics was assessed. As a result, the silk fabric exhibited greater uptake and color fastness with Ac.X2. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, some changes of chemical property for the dyed fabric and Ac.X2 were studied. The silk fabric dyed with Ac.X2 exhibited good UV protection ability. The antibacterial properties of dyed and finished silk were also evaluated, which exhibited over 90% antibacterial activity even after 20 washing cycles. In addition, the brine shrimp assay was conducted to evaluate the general toxicity of the tested fabric, and the results indicated that the dyed silk fabrics had a good biological safety property.     

茶饮料中微量色素物质的HPLC分析方法研究

以含乙腈的流动相作为洗脱剂,对茶饮料中微量色素物质的HPLC分析方法进行了研究。结果显示,在色谱柱长为15cm、柱温为35℃、总流量为1ml、检测波长450nm条件下,最佳的洗脱参数为:①以3/0.5/96.5(v/v/v)的乙腈、乙酸和水的混合液为流动相A,以75/15/10(v/v/v)的乙腈、甲醇和氯仿混合液为B相;②梯度洗脱,即前20min内B相由80%上升到100%,并保持15min。在该条件下新黄质、紫黄质、叶黄素、叶绿素b、叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和脱镁叶绿素a等色素物质均可获得基线分离。同时研究还显示,该方法重复性较好,检测限低,可满足绿茶饮料中微量色素物质的分析。     

土壤逐渐干旱及复水对黑果腺肋花楸光合特性的影响

【目的】探索黑果腺肋花楸对土壤干旱胁迫的响应。【方法】以两年生黑果腺肋花楸为材料,人工模拟干旱胁迫,通过盆栽试验进行土壤逐渐干旱胁迫和旱后复水处理,研究土壤逐渐干旱及复水对黑果腺肋花楸光合特性的影响。【结果】整个干旱胁迫期间,黑果腺肋花楸的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均逐渐降低,而水分利用效率(WUE)随土壤干旱胁迫程度的加剧而上升;干旱胁迫下,黑果腺肋花楸的叶绿素总量显著降低,叶绿素a/b值显著增加,类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显,并维持较高的叶片相对含水量;CO_2补偿点升高,羧化效率明显减小;干旱30 d,Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr均降到最低值,均显著低于干旱处理前的水平,分别比干旱胁迫处理前下降了85.4%、79.86%、31.98%和91.55%,仍具有一定生物活性,没有死亡;干旱复水后,叶片相对含水量能恢复至对照水平,Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr均迅速升高,Gs、Ci、Tr均未恢复到干旱处理3 d时的水平,但只比干旱处理3 d时降低27.99%、14.15%、16.58%,Pn比干旱处理3 d时升高0.54%,通过表现出较强的恢复能力适应土壤干旱环境。【结论】干旱胁迫过程中,黑果腺肋花楸通过较高的Pn、较低的Tr来提高WUE,保持良好叶片水分状况来抵御干旱胁迫的伤害,胁迫去除后,叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量均有所增高;各项光合参数值也有所回升,反映出黑果腺肋花楸在复水后具有较强的自我调节能力。     

铅、锌胁迫对蕹菜光合色素及活性氧代谢的影响

研究了铅、锌胁迫对蕹菜叶片的光合色素、活性氧代谢及细胞膜透性变化等的影响。结果表明 ,随着Pb、Zn浓度的增加 ,蕹菜叶片MDA含量和质膜相对透性均显著增大 ,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/b值均先升后降 ,SOD、POD活性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势 ,它们对Pb、Zn毒害的响应浓度不同 ,分别在 10mg/LPb和 2 5mg/LZn左右时达到峰值。对Pb、Zn毒害作用机制进行了讨论 ,认为活性氧自由基的攻击是其伤害的一个重要原因 ,SOD、POD和类胡萝卜素对防止毒害作用起到一定的作用     

膜技术在茶叶深加工中的应用研究

选用0.1μm微波膜对茶水提离心上清液进行微波处理,探讨了微滤温度对干物率、咖啡碱、各儿茶素组分以及微滤处理对产品冷溶性的影响。同时,选用不同的超滤膜对儿茶素粗提液进行超滤处理,比较分了超滤处理对儿茶素各组分比值和儿茶素终端产品色素的影响。结果表明,微滤滤出液的干物率、咖啡碱及各儿茶素组分含量随微滤温度的升高而增加,产品的各项冷溶性指标明显好于对照样产品;选用超滤膜-1可获得酯型儿茶素/非酯型儿茶素比值较小的产品,适用超滤膜-2可获得比值较大的产品;超滤膜-12比超滤膜-2能更有效地去除儿茶素终端产品色素。     

Responses of Pinus massoniana and Pinus taeda to freezing in temperate forests in central China

Abstract

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), a native species widely distributed in temperate forests in central China, and Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), an exotic tree species introduced to China from southeastern United States, are dominant evergreen conifers that play a pivotal role in maintaining forest structure and functions for the region. We examined the effects of freezing on these species with chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage using both field- and laboratory-based experiments in September 2009 and January 2010, respectively. We found that freezing could cause a greater impact on the Loblolly pine than the Masson pine. Although the two species showed similar values of F _v /F _m and electrolyte leakage before freezing, the Masson pine needles showed lower F _v /F _m and higher electrolyte leakage ratios than those of the Loblolly pine when treated in low temperatures (?15 to 0°C). We also found that cold-acclimation was crucial for both species to adapt to low temperatures with the F _v /F _m ratio decreased approximately by 80% in the first freezing hour for the non-acclimated needles of both species while the cold-acclimated needles showed little changes in the F _v /F _m ratio. This finding is also supported by our measurements of electrolyte leakage. These results suggest that the Loblolly pine could be more susceptible to freezing damages than the Masson pine in central China.