棕榈科植物的主要虫害及其防治

本文根据10多年来对棕榈科植物虫害的调查与防治经验,提出了虫害防治的综合措施。     

Multipurpose palms: the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)

Arenga pinnata is the most important sugar palm of the humid tropics. Besides yielding sugar, it provides a great number of products and benefits to its users, and is one of the most diverse multipurpose tree species in culture.The various ways in which this palm is used are illustrated for the native population of four Indonesian provinces. Although all people make use of the palm, the intensity of use, and the products which are used, vary widely among places. The peoples of East Kalimantan where there is a very low population density and a Muslim population, makes relatively little use of the palm. The peoples of North Sumatra, with a mostly Christian population, and of West Java, with a very high population density make intensive use of the sugar palm. The most advanced cropping and cultivation patterns have developed in North Sulawesi, where many old traditions are based on sugar palm cultivation.The potentials of A. pinnata in cropping systems including agroforestry are presented. Prerequisites for intensified cultivation are discussed.     

Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent’s cherry palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii, in the Florida Keys

The 1991-1994 reintroductions of Florida endangered Pseudophoenix sargentii to 13 Florida Keys sites represent a rare example of a successful multi-agency long-term effort to conserve a long-lived palm. To assess reintroduction success, we compared population demographics with and without reintroduced plants and conducted population viability analyses. Since 1991, the wild population has increased 6.4-fold. Survival from 2000-2004 was 94%, growth was positive (λ = 1.013), and there was no predicted extinction risk. Recent wild population growth is attributed to good seedling recruitment and removing the greatest threats. After 14 years, reintroductions had 43% survival, increased total plants in the wild by 27%, and expanded the species’ distribution. Reintroduced plants had faster maturation rates, improved population age structure, and enhanced population growth (λ = 1.032). Success varied with transplant year, location, microsite, and original transplant size. Failures in 1991 and at some historic sites emphasize the need for a multi-year, multi-site approach to reintroductions to buffer against stochastic losses. Rockland hammocks and the tops of coastal berms had greatest plant growth and survival. Large transplants had the greatest survival. Because no reintroduced plants are reproductive, transitions between stages are extremely slow, and plants may require >30 years to mature, continued institutional dedication to long-term monitoring will be required to assess whether the populations are self-sustaining. Horticultural expertise and ex situ collections complimented support of land managing agencies for the species’ preservation. These first rare plant reintroductions to Florida State Parks opened avenues for more plant conservation efforts and public interpretation.     

棕榈科植物在西南地区园林应用的策略与方法

棕榈科是独特的园林观赏植物。针对棕榈科植物应用的策略与方法,提出全局观、系统观、运动观和辩证观;针对目前应用中存在的问题,介绍了差异化造景策略,配置的原则与技巧,实地实树的引种原则,以及移栽养护技术。     

干旱胁迫对4种棕榈植物幼苗光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以4种棕榈植物幼苗为试材,通过盆栽控水试验,研究了干旱胁迫对其光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱程度加剧,4种棕榈植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(E)均呈逐渐下降趋势,但下降幅度在不同种及不同胁迫处理之间存在差异。在轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是皇后葵和砂糖椰子Pn下降的主要原因,而东澳棕和圆叶蒲葵Pn下降的主要原因是非气孔限制因素;在中度和重度干旱胁迫下,4种棕榈植物Pn下降的主要原因均为非气孔限制因素。4种棕榈植物的平均水分利用效率(WUE)依次为皇后葵东澳棕砂磄椰子圆叶蒲葵。轻度干旱胁迫下4种植物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均高于对照,中度和重度胁迫下均低于对照。复水后各处理均可恢复达对照水平。4种棕榈植物以皇后葵抗干旱能力最好,其次为东澳棕和砂糖椰子,圆叶蒲葵最差,对干旱环境最为敏感。     

棕榈科植物叶鞘表皮微形态及营养成分与红棕象甲危害程度相关性

[目的]分析南宁市棕榈科4种植物的叶鞘表皮显微形态和营养成分与红棕象甲危害程度的相关性,以期更好地控制该虫在南宁的发生与为害。[方法]以南宁市棕榈科4种植物国王椰Ravenea rivularis、老人葵Washingtonia filifera、加拿利海枣Phoenixcanariensis、大王椰Roystonea regia（HBK.）O.F.Cook为材料,进行红棕象甲为害情况的调查,并进行叶鞘表皮显微形态和营养成分的分析测定。[结果]叶鞘表皮显微结构、营养成分与红棕象甲的物理抗性有直接关系。红棕象甲的为害程度与棕榈科植物角质层厚度及叶表皮厚度呈反比。红棕象甲对棕榈科植物的为害程度随粗蛋白含量、粗灰分和无氮浸出物含量的升高而增大;随粗纤维含量的减少而增大。[结论]红棕象甲的为害程度与棕榈科植物叶鞘表皮微结构及营养品质有关。     

棕榈科植物行道树的树种选择及种植浅议

棕榈科植物是独特的园林植物。本文分析了选择棕榈科植物作为行道树的相关影响因子,提出了通过树种选择和种植方式的变化而提高城市道路绿化质量的建议。     

Effects of fragmentation on pollinator abundance and fruit set of an abundant understory palm in a Mexican tropical forest

Tropical forest fragmentation affects both biodiversity and plant reproductive success when small, isolated fragments sustain a reduced diversity or abundance of pollinators. Fragmentation-related effects have been poorly investigated in the case of palms, an important structural and functional component of tropical forests. We examined the relationships between fragment size and diversity and abundance of flower visitors, and palm reproduction, by quantifying the arthropod fauna associated to inflorescences of the palm Astrocaryum mexicanum, and its fruit set, in fragments of different size. The sample yielded a total of 228,772 arthropods (10 orders, 60 species). Coleoptera was the predominant group (?50% of the species), followed by Hymenoptera (20%), while the remaining (30%) was distributed among the other eight orders. We found a predominance of pollinating insects (Coleoptera-Nitidulidae), representing 85% of all visitors. Pollinator abundance was negatively affected by fragmentation, with a 4.2-fold average difference between small (<35 ha) and large (114-700 ha) fragments. However, fruit set was relatively high (?0.7) and not affected by fragmentation during three reproductive seasons. This could be explained because small fragments retained remarkably high numbers of pollinators (1191.4/inflorescence) and by the high abundance of palms (and flowers) in fragments. Further research is needed, however, to assess if fragmentation restricts pollinator movements to plants within the fragments, leading to a reduction in genetic variation of the progeny present in forest remnants.