Effect of Growth Regulators on the Productivity of Some Major Oilseed Crops

A number of field experiments were conducted at the Viswavidyalaya Research Farm during 1984–85 to 1986–87 to study the effects of five growth regulators viz. Miraculan (a triacontanol based growth stimulant), Nutron (1-triacontanol growth stimulant), Planofix ( α -napthylacetic acid), Paras or Mixtalol (Higher alcoholic carbon compounds) and N-triacontanol on productivity of five different major oilseed crops viz. rapeseed ( Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson), mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss), sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.), linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) and safflower ( Carthemus tinctorius L.). Results showed the positive influence of growth regulators on the productivity of crops (10–40 % increase in yield); however the influence was not consistent over the years. N-triacontanol when tried on mustard only improved the grain yield significantly, more so when applied with paras or planofix, sesame was most influenced by spraying planofix and paras. Nutron favourably influenced safflower and linseed. The test weight of grains followed by the number of pods/plant were influenced most by the application of growth regulators. Inconsistency in results over the years, however, need further investigations on the timing of spraying.     

A web-based intelligent disease-diagnosis system using a new fuzzy-logic based approach for drawing the inferences in crops

This paper suggests a new approach for providing intelligence in the system for diagnosis of diseases of the oilseed-crops. It reports the development of a web-based intelligent disease diagnosis system (WIDDS). The WIDDS is based on a new fuzzy logic approach. The approach is based on use of a rule-promotion methodology. This approach enables the drawing of inferences with the enhanced intelligence. The WIDDS also incorporates new features that improve the presently existing expert systems. The new features are (i) object-oriented (O-O) inference model, (ii) dynamic knowledge base creation strategy. The dynamically promoted rules are derived from those diagnosis sessions, which resulted in successful decisions. This enables more efficient decision-making in the future sessions, (iii) audio-visual-graphical user interface using text-to-speech (TTS) conversion tools. The WIDDS results in decreasing not only the number of interactive question-answer sessions with the clients but also leads to acceptable diagnosis. Further, the inferences are drawn faster compared to the traditional approach, which is the expert based reasoning method. The suggested WIDDS, which is based on rule-promotion approach, has been tested for three oilseeds crops - soybean, groundnut and rapeseed-mustard.     

我国油料中农药残留限量 与检测技术现状与发展趋势

对我国油料中农药残留限量和检测技术现状与发展趋势做了综述。我国油料中农药残留限量与美国、 欧盟等发达国家和组织差距很大,检测技术也相对落后。我国油料农药残留分析前处理多采用浸泡振荡、超声波 提取和液- 液分配、柱层析等传统方法,存在提取效率低,净化不彻底问题,导致检测结果精确度偏低。利用超临 界萃取( SFE)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等新型前处理技术实现对油料中农药残留的充分提取和净化,是未来油料中 农药残留检测的发展趋势。     

Effect of fat supplementation on nitrogen utilisation of lambs and nitrogen emission from their manure

The effects of various fats on nitrogen digestion and metabolism of lambs and their manure were investigated in six isoenergetic diets (n = 6) with similar contents of absorbable protein. Treatments were either a control diet or diets containing 25 g/kg of additional ether extract from rumen-protected fat, coconut oil, rapeseed, sunflower seed or linseed. Fat supplementation resulted in trends for higher apparent nitrogen digestibilities (significant with coconut oil; P < 0.05, post hoc test) and body nitrogen retention (P < 0.1). Urinary nitrogen losses and their proportion of manure nitrogen did not differ significantly among groups as was also true for C / N ratio, dry matter, nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contents of the manure. In the first week of manure storage, most fat supplements tended to decrease gaseous nitrogen emission as assessed by respiration chamber and mass balance measurements. These differences tended to be mitigated after 7 weeks of manure storage. Only the coconut-oil treatment still resulted in numerically lower nitrogen emissions. In conclusion, addition of fat source in the diet, in addition to increasing dietary energy and suppressing methanogenesis, can under certain circumstances decrease gaseous nitrogen emission from the manure.     

油料作物种子维生素E含量和组分改良的分子育种研究

作为重要的脂溶性天然抗氧化剂,维生素E的存在对预防油脂多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化、增强油脂营养品质具有重大意义。近十年来,随着人们对高等植物维生素E生物合成途径认识的不断深入,油料作物种子油脂中维生素E品质的多元化改良成为可能。本研究首先简要介绍了天然维生素E的类型和生物合成途径,然后概述了油料作物种子中维生素E和脂肪酸之间相互关系的研究进展以及油料作物种子维生素E品质改良的分子育种研究进展,最后展望了油料作物种子油脂脂肪酸和维生素E综合品质改良育种的前景。     

沙葱和油料籽实对绵羊血液、肝脏和胰脏脂酶活性的影响

旨在研究沙葱和油籽对绵羊血液、肝脏和胰脏脂酶活性的影响,为沙葱和油籽用于羊肉品质的改善提供科学依据.试验选用28只蒙古羯羊,采用完全区组试验设计,研究精料中添加4%沙葱、3种籽实组合(8%胡麻+2%葵花籽+2%线麻籽)及4%沙葱+3种油料籽实组合(4%沙葱+8%胡麻+2%葵花籽+2%线麻籽)对绵羊血液、肝脏和胰脏脂酶活性的影响.结果表明,3个添加组均显著提高血清总脂酶活力(P<0.05);沙葱+油料籽实组和油料籽实组显著提高血清HL的活力(P<0.05);沙葱+油料籽实组显著提高血清LPL的活力(P<0.05);3个添加组对肝脏中3个酶的活性均无显著影响(P>0.05),均显著提高胰脂肪酶活性(P<0.05),其中各项指标均以沙葱+油料籽实组为最好.     

全脂油料籽实在奶牛日粮中的应用

全脂油料籽实不但含脂量高,而且还是优质的蛋白质饲料,含有大量必需氨基酸。本文从全脂油料籽实的特性着手探讨其在奶牛日粮中的应用。     

On-the-spot identification of grain variety and wheat-quality type by Lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis

Lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis has been used for identification of wheat variety and quality type. Analysis of each chip takes 30 minutes for 10 samples, and distinction can be made between members of a set of 40 commonly grown Australian wheat varieties. Quality type could be predicted by analysis of the HMW and LMW glutenin subunits. The technique has also been applied to the separation of proteins from other grains and legumes, and may also be useful for identifying variety and/or quality type in these crops.     

Lowering carbon footprint of durum wheat by diversifying cropping systems

Improving cropping systems may help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study determined the carbon footprint of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) produced in diverse cropping systems. Durum was grown in rotation systems which had different combinations of oilseed, pulse, and cereal crops at five site-years in Saskatchewan, Canada. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the decomposition of crop residues along with various production inputs were used for the estimation of carbon footprint. On average, emissions from the decomposition of crop straw and roots accounted for 25% of the total emissions, those from the production, transportation, storage, and delivery of fertilizers and pesticides to farm gates and their applications 43%, and emissions from farming operations 32%. Durum wheat preceded by an oilseed crop (Brassica napus or Brassica juncea) the previous year had carbon footprint of 0.33 kg CO₂e kg⁻¹ of grain, or 7% lower than durum in cereal-cereal-durum system. Durum preceded by a biological N-fixing crop (Cicer arietinum chickpea, Lens culinaris lentil, or Pisum sativum pea) the previous year lowered its carbon footprint by 17% compared with durum preceded by a cereal crop. Durum produced in a pulse-pulse-durum system had carbon footprint 0.27 kg CO₂e kg⁻¹ of grain, 34% lower than durum grown in cereal-cereal-durum systems. Diversifying cropping systems with oilseeds and biological N-fixers significantly lowered carbon footprint of durum wheat.     

Blends of castor meal and castor husks for optimized use as organic fertilizer

Production of oil from castor (Ricinus communis) generates two main by-products: husks and meal. For each ton of castor oil, 1.31 ton of husks and 1.13 ton of meal are produced. Castor meal is the most important by-product due to its high nitrogen content, and presently it is predominantly used as an organic fertilizer. This greenhouse study aimed to find optimized blends of castor husks and meal as organic fertilizer for growth of castor plants. The by-products were mixed to sandy soil in the doses (v:v) of 0 + 10%, 2.5 + 7.5%, 5.0 + 5.0%, 7.5 + 2.5% and 10.0 + 0% of castor meal and castor husks, respectively. At 50 days after sowing, data was taken on plant growth and shoot nutrients content. Blends of castor meal and castor husks used as fertilizer promoted substantial plant growth up to the dose of 4.5% (in volume) of meal. Doses higher than 4.5% caused reduction in plant growth and even plant death. It seems that rapidly mineralizing nitrogen from the castor meal is the reason for both the intensive plant growth in low doses, and the reduction of plant growth in high doses due to excessive mineral N. Increments in castor meal dose resulted in increased N and Ca shoot contents. Other macronutrients were not influenced. Castor meal is a good organic fertilizer, due to its high N and P contents, but blending with castor husks is not necessary.