The salicylic acid-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco

The role of salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in basal defence and induced resistance to powdery mildew ( Oidium neolycopersici ) and grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). A comparison of NahG transgenic tomato and tobacco (unable to accumulate SA) to their respective wild types revealed that in tomato, SA was not involved in basal defence against O. neolycopersici but NahG tobacco showed an enhanced susceptibility to O. neolycopersici infection, the effect becoming more obvious as the plants grew older. In contrast, SA played no role in the basal defence of tobacco against B. cinerea , but seemed to contribute to basal defence of tomato against B. cinerea. Activation of the SA-dependent defence pathway via benzothiadiazole (BTH) resulted in induced resistance against O. neolycopersici in tobacco but not in tomato. Microscopic analysis revealed that BTH treatment could prevent penetration of the Oidium germ tube through tobacco leaves, whereas penetration was successful on tomato leaves irrespective of BTH treatment. In contrast, soil or leaf treatment with BTH induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato but not in tobacco. It is concluded that the SA-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco.     

Effect of bacteria isolates in powdery mildew control in flowering dogwoods (Cornus florida L.)

Five bacterial isolates collected from dogwood leaves were evaluated for powdery mildew control in shadehouse and greenhouse environments by using foliar sprays and/or root drenching. Two isolates displayed superior bioactivity and suppressed powdery mildew similar to conventional fungicide thiophanate methyl (Cleary’s 3336F^®). The two bacteria disrupted powdery mildew spore germination and ruptured spore membranes causing spore lyses. Bacterial filtrates without bacterial cells were also effective in suppressing powdery mildew and disrupting spore germination and suggested the involvement of secondary metabolites. The two biocontrol agents (BCAs) colonized roots endophytically and promoted plant growth.     

橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病菌培养滤液对薇甘菊的除草活性

[目的]探讨橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病菌培养滤液对薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)的除草活性。[方法]采用室内生物活性测定方法,研究了7种植物病害真菌培养滤液对恶性入侵杂草薇甘菊种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用,并评价了橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病真菌培养滤液对辣椒和番茄的安全性。[结果]橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌培养滤液对薇甘菊种子萌发以及根、茎、幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别达72.7%、93.0%、32.4%和54.6%(鲜重)。橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌培养滤液对番茄种子萌发和根茎生长均表现安全,而对辣椒种子萌发有抑制作用。[结论]橡胶树黑团孢叶斑病病原真菌毒素培养滤液及其代谢物值得作为生物除草剂进一步开发。     

Local and systemic resistance to fungal pathogens triggered by an AVR9-mediated hypersensitive response in tomato and oilseed rape carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene

Tomato and transgenic oilseed rape plants expressing the Cf-9 resistance gene develop a hypersensitive response (HR) after injection of the corresponding Avr9 gene product. It was investigated whether induction of a HR conferred resistance to different fungal pathogens in tomato and oilseed rape. Induction of an AVR9 mediated HR at the pathogen infection site delayed the development of the biotrophs Oidium lycopersicum in tomato and Erysiphe polygoni in oilseed rape, but enhanced the development of the necrotrophs Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani in tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. Interestingly, delayed fungal disease development was observed in plant tissues surrounding the HR lesion regardless of whether a necrotrophic or biotrophic pathogen was used. In tomato, AVR9 injection induced systemic expression of PR1, PR2 and PR3 defence genes but did not induce systemic resistance to O. lycopersicum, B. cinerea or A. solani. In oilseed rape, AVR9 injection temporarily induced systemic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans and E. polygoni, but did not induce detectable systemic expression of PR1, PR2 or Cxc750. These results give new insights into the potential uses of an induced HR to engineer disease resistance.     

忙果园病虫害综合治理

本文报道20年树龄的大型杧果园内39种重要害虫和6种病害的综合治理措施,防效及经济效益。大幅度降低每种病虫害的为害,1989年的果实产量和收入比1986年增加11.6倍和16.36倍。     

粉锈宁防治橡胶白粉病试验研究

试验结果表明:利用热雾机喷撒粉锈宁防治橡胶白粉病,比用喷粉机喷撒硫磺粉具有更好的防治效果。粉锈宁是一种效果好、有效期长、成本低的优良农药。应用粉锈宁以早期施药(总指数在6以下)最为有效,其有效剂量为每亩次5克纯药,有效期12—19天。     

橡胶树白粉菌内源强启动子WY193的克隆及功能鉴定

橡胶树白粉菌(Oidium heveae Steinm.)是专性寄生的丝状真菌。目前,有关橡胶树白粉菌启动子的研究较为落后。启动子是调控基因表达重要的顺式作用元件,是分子生物学研究的热点。为了开发研究橡胶树白粉菌的内源启动子,为植物基因工程提供新的材料及从分子水平理解橡胶树白粉菌遗传组成与进化。本研究在橡胶树白粉菌HO-73基因组基础上,利用生物信息学在线软件PromoterScan预测得到一个疑似启动子,命名为WY193。采用qRT-PCR技术测定WY193调控GUS基因的表达量,其表达量明显高于阳性对照CaMV 35S(35S)启动子,为35S的8.34倍。WY193均能驱动GUS基因在双子叶植物烟草和火龙果,以及单子叶植物椰子和玉米中进行瞬时表达。因此,本研究得到的橡胶树白粉菌内源启动子WY193,其表达范围较广,效率高,具有较好的应用前景,丰富了橡胶树白粉菌内源启动子研究。     

巴西橡胶树抗白粉病室内鉴定模型的建立

选取20份巴西橡胶树品系,将白粉病菌纯化后进行大田鉴定和3种温度下的室内鉴定,以评价各品系对白粉病的抗性并建立橡胶树抗白粉病室内鉴定模型。结果表明,20个橡胶树品系人工接种大田鉴定结果为高抗品系6个,抗病品系5个,感病品系3个,高感品系6个。在设置的22、25、28℃3个培养温度条件下,白粉病菌菌丝长度存在极显著差异,培养温度越高,病菌菌丝生长速度越快,菌丝长度越长。同时发现3种温度下白粉病菌菌丝长度比值不存在差异性,具有极其良好的稳定性。建立病情指数(y)与菌丝长度比值(x)的回归方程为:y=-62.072+80.909 54x,该方程可用于预测巴西橡胶树品系对白粉病的抗性等级。同时对橡胶树白粉病室内抗性评价的分级进行了修改,结合回归方程建立了巴西橡胶树抗白粉病室内鉴定模型,旨在为完善高效的巴西橡胶树抗白粉病鉴定评价体系提供基础和技术支持。     

Map- vs. homology-based cloning for the recessive gene ol-2 conferring resistance to tomato powdery mildew

The recessive gene ol-2 confers papilla-associated and race-non-specific resistance to tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersici. In order to facilitate marker assisted selection (MAS) in practical breeding programmes, we identified two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker which are linked to the resistance locus and co-dominantly inherited. Aiming to provide a base for ol-2 positional cloning, we used a large segregating F₂ population to merge these markers with all the ol-2 linked amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP^®) markers previously identified in an integrated genetic map. By screening a tomato bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library, we detected two BAC clones containing two expressed sequence tags (ESTs) homologous to the gene mlo, responsible for powdery mildew resistance in barley, as well as an ol-2-linked marker. Chromosomal mapping by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) revealed major signals of the two BAC DNAs in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of the short arm of chromosome 4, in the same region where the ol-2 gene was previously mapped. The genetic and cytogenetic co-localisation between ol-2 and tomato mlo-homologue(s), in addition to the similarity of ol-2 and mlo resistances for both genetic and phytopathological characteristics, suggests that ol-2 is likely a mlo-homologue. Thus, a homology-based cloning approach could be more suitable than positional cloning for ol-2 isolation.     

Powdery Mildew of Prairie Gentian: Characteristics,Molecular Phylogeny and Pathogenicity

In March 1999, we found prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum) infected with powdery mildew in a greenhouse in Oita Prefecture, Japan. Morphological observation revealed that the causal fungus belongs to the mitosporic genus Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium [teleomorph: Erysiphe sensu Braun and Takamatsu (2000)]. Precise taxonomic position of the fungus, however, is uncertain due to lack of the perfect stage. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the rDNA ITS region of the fungus. Comparison of the sequence with those obtained from DNA databases of this fungal group revealed that the sequence is identical to those of powdery mildews from garden four-o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) and broad bean (Vicia faba). Inoculation of an isolate from garden four-o'clock caused mildew on prairie gentian and broad bean, suggesting that the prairie gentian mildew originates from garden four-o'clock or broad bean. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship of this fungus to Erysiphe baeumleri on Vicia spp. and E. trifolii on Trifolium pratense. From these results, we propose that prairie gentian mildew diverged from a Fabaceae-parasitic ancestor. Received 14 March 2002/ Accepted in revised form 28 May 2002