Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

The fate of fluroxypyr in the soil in an oil palm agroecosystem

A study on the fate of fluroxypyr in Malaysian agricultural soils was carried out under natural conditions in an oil palm plantation. Three experimental plots in the oil palm estate were selected and three types of treatments were administered, namely fluroxypyr at the recommended dosage, double the recommended rate, and the untreated control. Residues of fluroxypyr in the soil, water, and oil palm leaf were monitored at regular intervals up to 90 days after treatment (DAT). The recovery of fluroxypyr in the water and soil samples ranged from 91–102% when fortified at 1–25 p.p.b. and 91–98% when fortified at 4–50 p.p.b. The recovery from the oil palm leaf ranged from 76–114% when the oil palm leaf sample was fortified at 0.05–1.0 p.p.m. The results showed that fluroxypyr leached down to 50 cm depth at 1 DAT when the plots were treated with either dosage. However, fluroxypyr was not detected in the soil residue at 14 and 21 DAT. Fluroxypyr was not detected in the oil palm leaf samples irrespective of the rates of herbicide application or sampling intervals. The residue of fluroxypyr was detected in water from a nearby stream up to 5 DAT at levels ranging from 0.06–0.21 µg L⁻¹. This result suggests that fluroxypyr persists for a short period in the soil and water ecosystems, but not in the oil palm leaf.     

成龄油棕园林下间作生姜栽培技术与效益分析

介绍成龄油棕园林下间作生姜的栽培技术方法，并对间作效益进行分析，分析表明，间作效益的大小需考虑油棕园的荫蔽度。     

生物质棕榈油的材料化研究

将生物质棕榈油在一定条件下与偶氮二乙丁腈（AIBN）、活性单体甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯（HEMA）共同作用,转化为聚合物材料．对该聚合物材料的结构用红外光谱进行了表征,热行为用热重及差热分析进行了研究,结果表明,聚合物材料在180℃下稳定性良好．     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明,密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大,密度和施胶量越大,重组方材力学性能越好;热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³,施胶量12%,热压温度180℃,热压时间40 min;较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa,静曲强度为68.7 MPa,顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa,内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

Breaching the black box: The role of ramps in Thai sustainable palm oil certification

Certification of sustainable palm oil as organised through the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil is based on a simplified understanding of the global palm oil value chain – according to which instructions about production practices can be directly translated from the palm oil mill to the primary producer. The reality of palm oil provision is much more complex than this as is shown in the case of Thailand. On the basis of qualitative field study in Southern Thailand this paper clarifies that intermediary stages, such as the collection of oil palm fruit bunches at the ramp, play a key role in the organisation of the chain. The fluidity and complexity of the palm oil flow at the local level complicates the promotion of sustainability through certification. Global and national stakeholders, such as processing and trading firms, non‐governmental organisations and national governments, should therefore open this black box of local dynamics to more effectively contribute to sustainability in palm oil supply.     

中国“槟榔黄化病”研究40年——病原、防控措施新进展

自1981年海南省屯昌县首次发现槟榔黄化病（yellow leaf disease of areca palm, YLD）以来,槟榔黄化问题日趋严重,现已成为制约中国槟榔产业可持续发展的最重要的因素。同时,鉴于生产中除槟榔黄化病外,炭疽病、细菌性叶斑病、椰心叶甲、干旱等一些其他因素也可引起槟榔黄化,以及“槟榔黄化病”病原或病因认识上存在混淆的问题,学界暂用“槟榔黄化现象”的表述。近年来,针对上述问题开展了一系列深入研究并取得突破性进展。本文首先简要回顾了中国槟榔黄化病的发生及病原方面的研究进展,介绍了另一种致黄关键新病害——由槟榔隐症病毒1（Areca palm velarivirus 1, APV1）引起的槟榔黄叶病毒病（areca palm leaf yellowing virus disease, ALYVD）,以及其他2种新发现的病毒病害——槟榔坏死环斑病毒病和槟榔坏死环斑病毒病的研究进展。对6个示范基地的病原检测结果表明,部分黄化植株被槟榔黄化植原体（areca palm yellow leaf phytoplasma, AYLP）或APV1单独感染,部分植株被AYLP和APV1复合感染。本文还探讨了槟榔黄化病研究中存在的病原分布不均、含量低引起的检测困难和田间诊断易混淆等问题,并对YLD、ALYVD、叶斑类病害、根腐病害、芽腐病、椰心叶甲、干旱、寒害、除草剂药害等9类因子引起的黄化症状特征进行了总结。进而分析了YLD和ALYVD 防控中存在的问题以及现阶段面临的紧迫形势,从防控策略和具体措施解读了《槟榔“黄化病“防控明白纸》,并指出了其有待进一步完善之处及防控中亟待解决的问题。最后,展望了YLD和ALYVD 2种致黄关键病害综合防控中亟待实施的措施。本文旨在让广大科研工作者和农技人员更好地了解槟榔“黄化病”方面的最新成果。     

Developments in land information systems: examples demonstrating land resource management capabilities and options

Land Information Systems (LIS) provide a foundation for supporting decision‐making across a broad spectrum of natural resource applications: agronomic, environmental, engineering and public good. Typically, LIS constitute a computerized database repository holding geospatial components, ‘mapping unit’ geometry and related georeferenced materials such as satellite imagery, meteorological observations and predictions and scanned legacy mapping. Coupled with the geospatial data are associated property, semantic and metadata, representing a range of thematic properties and characteristics of the land and environment. This paper provides examples of recent developments of national and regional LIS, presenting applications for land resource capabilities and management. These focus on the ‘Land Information System’ (LandIS) for England and Wales, and the ‘World Soil Survey Archive and Catalogue’ (WOSSAC) and consider Agricultural Land Classification in Wales, an Irish land and soil information system, and a scheme to optimize land suitability for application of palm oil biofertilizers in Malaysia. Land Information Systems support purposeful environmental interpretations, drawing on soil and related thematic data, offering insight into land properties, capabilities and characteristics. The examples highlight the practical transferability and extensibility of technical and methodological approaches across geographical contexts. This assessment identifies the value of legacy‐based natural resource inventories that can be interoperated with other contemporary sources of information, such as satellite imagery.