Effects of Mulch and Potato Hilling on Development of Foliar Blight (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis>) and the Control of Tuber Blight Infection

Foliar and tuber blight caused by Phytophthora infestans accounts for significant losses in potatoes in field and storage. Nevertheless, limited research has been published on the effects of cultural practices on late blight control. Field experiments were conducted in two years on Howard gravely loam soil in New York State to evaluate the effectiveness of mulching using oat straw and hilling in preventing tuber blight infection for cvs Allegany and Katahdin. Potato hilling and mulching had little effect on foliar blight development. The cultivar affected the disease development in the foliage, with cv. Allegany showing lower foliar late blight than cv. Katahdin. Tuber blight incidence averaged 25% for cv. Allegany and 3% for cv. Katahdin in hilled plots, while in the mulched plots the incidence of tuber blight averaged 33% for cv. Allegany and 10% for cv. Katahdin. The straw hay mulch was ineffective in tuber blight control. Tubers set at a soil depth of more than 7 cm had lower tuber blight incidence than shallow tubers set at a depth of less than 7 cm. In both years, hilling provided partial protection of tubers but its effectiveness was limited in the presence of favourable conditions for late blight development. Even though large hills had proportionally a lower tuber blight incidence than medium-sized hills, the difference between the different hill sizes was not significant. These studies suggest that the use of cultivars with foliage resistance to late blight in combination with cultural practices may partially reduce the incidence of tuber blight. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation for endorsement by Cornell University or the US Department of Agriculture.     

地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

通过室内分析和田间裂区试验相结合的方法,研究地膜覆盖和不同施肥处理对玉米不同生育期土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：(1)对于根际土壤而言,覆膜条件下各施肥处理的脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性均高于不施肥处理;无膜条件下各施肥处理的碱性磷酸酶活性均高于不施肥处理。其中脲酶活性在大喇叭口期最高,NPK-C(氮磷钾配施-覆膜)、NPKO-C(氮磷钾配施有机肥-覆膜)、NPKB-C(氮磷钾配施生物炭-覆膜)分别较CK-C(对照-覆膜)高31.03%、66.01%、49.26%;蔗糖酶活性也是大喇叭口期最高,NPK-C、NPKO-C、NPKB-C分别较CK-C高38.43%、117.53%、64.94%;碱性磷酸酶活性在乳熟期最高,NPK(氮磷钾配施)、NPKO(氮磷钾配施有机肥)、NPKB(氮磷钾配施生物炭)分别较CK(对照)高43.84%、30.38%、31.53%。(2)覆膜条件下各施肥处理细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理。其中乳熟期细菌数量最大,NPK-C、NPKO-C分别较CK-C高19.74%、26.26%;放线菌数量也是乳熟期最大,NPK-C、NPKO-C、NPKB-C分别...     

Effects of Powder Ridge Cultivation on Growth and Yield of Hunan Cassava

[Objective] The aim was to explore a suitable cultivation approach for cas- sava in Hunan province. [Method] With SC9 （Southern China 9） as test materials, the test included four treatment methods, as follows： control group by traditional cultivation with crops uncovered （CK）, treatment 1 by traditional cultivation with mulch coverage, treatment 2 by powder ridge cultivation with crops uncovered, and treatment 3 by powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage. Water and fertilizer managements were kept the same. [Result] Compared with traditional cultivation （CK）, the treatment by powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage performed bet- ter. Specifically, yield per unit area reached 44 790 kg/hm2, increasing by 86.38% （20 760 kg/hm2） than that of control; starch content grew by 17.24%. The cultivation method considerably improved cassava yield and quality. [Conclusion] Powder ridge cultivation with mulch coverage is a cultivation approach suitable for cassava in Hu- nan province.     

Reestablishment of ecological functioning by mulching and termite invasion in a degraded soil in an Australian savanna

Soil degradation is a major source of ecological dysfunction in both natural and agricultural landscapes. Termites are key mediators of tropical soil structure and function, but there has been little experimental evaluation of their potential in soil rehabilitation. This study investigated if termite activity can be used as a tool to improve the properties and function of degraded soil in tropical Australia, through mulch addition. A 2 × 2 randomised block design was used, with mulch (bare [B] or mulched [M] plots) and termiticide (termite [T] or non-termite [NT] plots) as factors. Over 4.5 years I tested the hypothesis that the MT plots would show greatest increase in (i) soil macroporosity, (ii) total soil surface carbon and nitrogen, (iii) litter decomposition, (iv) soil water storage and (v) plant cover, and (vi) greatest reduction in soil strength. MT treatment plots showed a 46% and 45% increase in soil macroporosity and plant cover, respectively, and a 25% reduction in soil strength compared with MNT plots. Compared with B treatments (BT, BNT), macroporosity and plant cover were 98% and 60% higher, respectively and soil water storage increased by up to 15%. Termites contributed to 58% of litter loss in MT plots over the transitional/dry season period. Mulching doubled soil carbon and nitrogen levels. This research demonstrates termite-mediated processes can be initiated and maintained in degraded soil, thereby improving soil structure and key ecosystem functions. Termites may represent a valuable biological resource for promoting tropical soil restoration, through incorporating techniques that promote their activity into tropical soil rehabilitation management.     

夏季水分管理对梨橙果实发育和产量品质的影响

干旱缺水是导致果园低产、低效的主要原因之一。重庆三峡库区降水丰沛,但水资源在时空上分布很不均匀,许多坡地果园水源紧缺,季节性干旱十分突出。2002年7月至2006年1月,通过用叶片水分亏缺与果实膨大相关性的研究以及水分管理模式,对柑橘生长和发育的影响进行试验研究,总结出了一套适合坡地柑橘园的水分管理模式。     

我国设施农业农膜使用的环境问题刍议

农膜使用和地面覆盖技术的应用加快了我国农业现代化的步伐,增加和丰富了农产品的供给。但随着农膜的连续使用,导致大量的农膜残留,严重影响农业生产,并对农业生态环境安全和人体健康构成巨大威胁。本文总结了设施农业中农膜使用所造成的主要环境问题,剖析了这些问题的内在原因。在此基础上,针对我国设施农业中农膜使用和管理现状,分别从管理、政策、经济和技术方面提出了对策建议,以期为规范我国设施农业中农膜使用、提高设施农业环境管理效率和健康持续发展提供理论依据。     

地膜覆盖玉米田病虫草害发生动态及防治研究

经过３年的调查研究，明确了玉米覆盖田病虫草害发生消长动态及为害情况，探讨了发生变化的原因，提出了防治技术措施。     

中国秸秆覆盖研究现状及展望

秸秆覆盖作为保护性农业的新颖课题之一,备受关注。为了深刻理解秸秆覆盖的农田生态环境效应及研究进展,该文综述了我国秸秆覆盖技术研究现状,秸秆覆盖技术研究面临的问题,秸秆覆盖技术发展趋势,并对未来秸秆覆盖技术进行展望,以期为当前和今后秸秆覆盖研究提供理论参考。     

覆盖模式对不同类型旱地冬小麦土壤水温特征、籽粒品质和产量的影响

为探讨覆盖模式对不同类型旱地冬小麦籽粒品质和产量的调控效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、玉米秸秆带状覆盖(SM)3种种植模式为主区,‘中麦175’(ZM175)、‘兰天26号’(LT26)、‘天选50号’(TX50)3个旱地冬小麦品种为副区,分析不同覆盖模式和小麦品种组合处理下旱地麦田水温特征、籽粒品质和产量的差异。结果表明,覆盖不同程度降低了灌浆期0～25 cm土壤温度,并增加拔节期和收获期0～120 mm土壤含水量。PM土壤温度比CT降低1.3℃,土壤含水量提高5.20%,籽粒产量增加9.36%,产量增加的主要原因是穗粒数的显著增加。SM土壤温度比CT低1.5℃,土壤含水量提高9.75%,籽粒产量略高于CT,但差异不显著。品种间籽粒产量差异显著,依次为LT26ZM175TX50。覆盖(PM和SM)对籽粒蛋白质质量分数、降落数值、湿面筋质量分数、糊化粘度、面团稳定时间、粉质评价值有显著影响。比较CT,PM降落数值、面团稳定时间、粉质评价值分别增加4.13%、16.13%和8.33%;SM籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋质量分数分别降低2.52%和6.07%,峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度分别提高1.93%、3.86%、2.46%。研究也表明,所有品质指标在品种间差异显著。以上结果说明,在降水量500mm左右的甘肃半干旱雨养农业区,PM有利于强筋型品种加工品质的优化,SM趋于使弱筋型品种筋力更弱,但由于覆盖模式对加工品质的影响相对有限,合理的品种选择是实现该区域旱地冬小麦优质化生产的关键。     

烤烟不同覆盖方式的效应研究

探讨了烤烟不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和含水量、烤烟生长发育和经济性状以及用工成本的影响。试验结果表明,稻草覆盖在烟株大田生育前期土壤温度低于地膜覆盖,但可提高土壤含水量,后期可降低土壤温度和含水量,促进根系发育,减轻青枯病的发病率和发病程度,有利于烟叶的生长和成熟;烤后烟叶的经济性状表现好,烟叶内在化学成分含量整体更为适宜,协调性更好。结合用工总成本,以全生育期覆盖稻草的处理每667 m2可节约成本264.83元,经济效益最高,适宜在邵武烟区应用。