基于MUSLE模型的三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染危险性评价

以三峡库区重庆段为实例,将地理信息系统(GIS)与修正的通用土壤流失方程(MUSLE)相结合,对三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染危险性进行了评价.结果表明:三峡库区重庆段非点源污染危险性高的区域占总面积的2.16%,较高区域占1.55%,中等区域占6.76%;危险性高、较高和中等的区域主要位于库区腹心地带,如云阳、奉节、万州、巫溪、丰都、巫山等区县;同时该类区域主要分布在库区河流两岸,距河流越近,非点源污染危险性越高;且大部分为旱地,而林地上分布很少.相应地,今后三峡库区重庆段农业非点源污染控制应针对具有高、较高和中等危险性的区域.实践证明该方法是一种较好的大尺度农业非点源污染危险性评价方法,能识别农业非点源污染高风险区,并确定农业非点源污染防控与管理的优先区域和重点区域.该评价结果能为政府有效防控和管理三峡库区农业非点源污染提供决策依据.     

Is MUSLE apt to small steeply reforested watershed?

The reforested headwater watersheds in Japan are very important from the points of view of commercial and environmental aspects. At the present time, much and varied research is running to assess and understand the hydrologic behavior of these watersheds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the deterministic model MUSLE in the Mie small steeply reforested watershed. The model was tested and calibrated using accurate continuous suspended sediment data collected during eight storm events in 2004. Results of the original model simulations for storm-wise sediment yield did not match the observed data, while the revised version of the model could imitate the observed values well. The results of the study approved the efficient application of the revised MUSLE in estimating storm-wise sediment yield in the study area with a high level of agreement of beyond 88%, an acceptable estimation error of some 14% and non-significant difference in mean values.     

MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟小流域侵蚀产沙空间分布特征

为有效认识流域侵蚀产沙来源,并探讨MIKE-SHE在中国黄土高原区域侵蚀产沙模拟的适用性,该研究采用分布式流域水文模型MIKE-SHE与修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对黄土高原典型小流域侵蚀产沙进行了空间分布模拟与评价。研究结果表明：流域侵蚀产沙主要来自于坡耕地和村庄、厂矿及居民用地,二者对于流域次降雨侵蚀产沙贡献平均为44%和34%。对于不同地貌单元,沟坡是流域侵蚀产沙的重要来源,其侵蚀产沙贡献高达68%。总体来看,73%的流域面积无明显侵蚀特征,而约17%为强度、极强度以及剧烈侵蚀区,剧烈侵蚀区多分布于沟坡和部分斜梁坡,这与现实流域植被覆被特征及侵蚀特征基本相符。沟道重力侵蚀是影响MIKE-SHE与MUSLE耦合模拟流域出口侵蚀产沙总量精度的重要因素之一。     

兴凯湖流域农业非点源污染关键源区识别与防治对策研究

采用污染指数法,在RS7LGIS技术支持下,实现兴凯湖流域农业非点源关键源区识别.研究结果表明,高污染风险区即关键源区主要集中在知一镇、白泡子乡、兴凯湖乡和柳毛乡4乡镇接壤地区及杨木乡西南部,其原因是坡耕地范围广,易发生水土流失,且畜禽养殖污染及化肥污染严重,在强降雨条件下对湖泊易造成高污染威胁;中度污染风险面积占研究...     

基于MUSLE模型的阿什河流域农业非点源污染风险评估

系统评价与分析流域农业非点源污染风险,对其防控治理具有重要的指导作用。本研究以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤图件和相关文本资料为基本信息源,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用修正通用土壤流失方程(MUSLE),结合各乡镇等标污染负荷大小,对阿什河流域农业非点源污染风险进行评估分析。结果表明:1)流域地表潜在侵蚀风险存在明显的空间地域分布规律,东南部地区风险整体偏高,而西北部和中部平原地带多为中等和低侵蚀风险区;乡镇尺度上,小岭乡、玉泉镇、交界镇、红星乡和大岭乡潜在侵蚀最为严重。2)流域山地丘陵区林地面积大,侵蚀风险最高,其平均值为0.037,风险贡献率为61.88%;农业用地风险贡献率仅次于林业用地,达到20.50%;坡度上,微坡36.26%的风险贡献率在所有坡型中最高。3)乡镇侵蚀风险分布与对应非点源污染风险不能完全重叠,位于平原地带的杨树乡和双丰镇侵蚀风险良好,其单位面积污染风险值远高于乡镇平均值,应重度防控,大岭乡、小岭乡和玉泉镇侵蚀风险严重,污染防控等级为适度。     

Integration of modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) into a gis framework to assess soil erosion risk

Soil erosion is an important economic and environmental concern throughout the world. In order to assess soil erosion risk and conserve water and soil resources, soil erosion modeling at the watershed scale is urgently needed. This study integrated the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework in the form of a tool called ArcMUSLE, an extension of ArcGIS® software, to assist soil and water conservation agencies in soil erosion risk assessment and prioritization of critical areas for soil erosion control practices. With widely available spatial data, this tool can be applied to determine curve numbers, to estimate runoff, peak flow, and soil loss for a rainfall event within a watershed. An application example for a watershed in Black Hawk County, Iowa, USA, is presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of WEPP and SWAT for modeling soil erosion of the Zhangjiachong Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Soil and water conservation is important for the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China, and quantification of soil loss is a significant issue. In this study, two widely used models - the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) - were applied to simulate runoff and sediment yield for the Zhangjiachong Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The models were run and the simulated runoff and sediment yield values were compared with the measured runoff and sediment yield values. In the calibration period, the model efficiency (E_NS) values for the WEPP and SWAT were 0.864 and 0.711 for runoff, and 0.847 and 0.678 for sediment yield, respectively. In the validation period, the E_NS values for WEPP and SWAT were 0.835 and 0.690 for runoff, and 0.828 and 0.818 for sediment yield, respectively. The results of E_NS and the other criteria indicate that the results of both models were acceptable. WEPP simulations were better than SWAT in most cases, and could be used with a reasonable confidence for soil loss quantification in the Zhangjiachong Watershed.     

Sediment yield modelling of an agricultural watershed using MUSLE, remote sensing and GIS

A study was undertaken to estimate the sediment yield of the Karso watershed of Hazaribagh, Jharkhand State, India using modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE), remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The runoff factor of MUSLE was computed using the measured values of runoff and peak rate of runoff at outlet of the watershed. The topographic factor (LS) was determined using GIS while crop management factor (C) was determined from land use/land cover data, obtained from RS and field survey. The conservation practice factor (P) was obtained from the literature. Sediment yield at the outlet of the study watershed was simulated for 345 rainfall events spread over a period of 1996–2001 and validated with the measured values. Nash–Sutcliffe simulation model efficiency of 0.8 and high value of coefficient of determination (0.83) indicated that MUSLE model estimated sediment yield satisfactorily.     

Using rainfall simulation to guide planning and management of rehabilitated areas: Part II. Computer simulations using parameters from rainfall simulation

This paper reports computer simulations carried out using data from a rainfall simulator study on a steeply sloping revegetated area (a soundbund) at the NorthParkes Mine, near Parkes in New South Wales, Australia. Simulations of slope stability used a combination of daily time‐step models to consider soil water balances and runoff, growth of grass/legume pasture and soil erosion. Simulations indicated that long‐term erosion rates on the soundbund would be low (1·01–1·27 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) due to low runoff rates and good vegetative cover. The simulations highlighted that peak vegetative growth occurred prior to the period of peak erosion hazard, with carry‐over dry matter being crucial for erosion control during the period of peak rainfall erosivity. This, in turn, indicated that grazing during the periods of peak growth and peak erosion hazard should be avoided (to avoid loss of dry matter). It also indicated that there was value in establishing grass species that would give greater growth during summer months, and that may produce dry matter that is more persistent through time. Simulations of stormwater flows in channels draining various lifts on the soundbund compared a range of alternatives with respect to channel length, gradient and roughness. The simulations indicated little effect of channel length on peak flow rates or depths once channel lengths exceeded 250 m and also showed little effect of vegetative roughness on peak flow rates or depths once Manning's n values exceeded 0·05. Implications of these results for design of drainage channels and drop structures on the soundbund are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.