药物防治蝇害的研究进展

蝇害已经成为危害规模化畜禽养殖的重要问题。文章回顾了防治蝇害的三代杀虫剂的发展过程和存在的问题 ;展望了作为新一代环境友好防治蝇害药物的昆虫生长调节剂的开发前景。     

Effects of winter wheat cultivars and seed rate on the biological characteristics of naturally occurring weed flora

Summary Differential competitive ability of six winter wheat cultivars and traits that confer such attributes were investigated for a range of seed rates in the presence or absence of weeds for a naturally occurring weed flora in two successive years in split-plot field experiments. Crop height and tillering capacity were considered suitable attributes for weed suppression, although competitiveness is a relative rather than an absolute characteristic. Maris Huntsman and Maris Widgeon were the most competitive cultivars whereas Fresco was the least competitive. Manipulation of seed rate was a more reliable factor than cultivar selection for enhancement of weed suppression, although competitiveness of cultivars Buster, Riband and Maris Widgeon was not enhanced by increased seed rate. Crop densities ranging between 125 and 270 plants m⁻² were found to offer adequate weed suppression. Linear relationships were observed between individual and total weed species dry weight and reproductive structures per unit area.     

拟寄生物与寄主关系适合性的免疫学基础

昆虫免疫是寄主昆虫抵御寄生物侵袭的一种防卫机制。寄主昆虫常通过被囊化作用来清除不适合的拟寄生物；相应地，拟寄生物逐步建立起一系列克服寄主免疫应答的策略，包括被动的和主动的策略。     

真空渗入法转pinⅡ基因菜薹外源基因的遗传与表达

 本研究对利用真空渗入法获得的转bar基因及pinⅡ基因菜薹，进行了外源基因的遗传及表达情况分析。结果表明通过该方法获得的转基因植株，外源基因能够稳定遗传。bar基因在 代的分离大部分符合孟德尔遗传规律，但也有不符合的群体；pin II基因在 代中稳定表达，但各个株系之间的表达水平差异较大，因而各个株系的抗虫效果也具有显著差异，即使具有相同外源基因拷贝数的各个株系，其PIN I／蛋白表达量和抗虫效果也具有显著差异。     

昆虫抗菌肽生物学活性及其应用前景

昆虫抗菌肽是昆虫免疫后存在于血淋巴中的一类活性肽 ,具有广谱的抗菌、抗病毒、抑制肿瘤的生物活性 ,具有很高的应用潜力。本文主要介绍昆虫抗菌肽的类型、生理活性、基因的克隆与表达及在动物科学中的应用前景     

吉林省玉米穗期害虫种类及发生情况分析

吉林省是玉米生产大省,为明确吉林省玉米穗期害虫种类、分布及发生情况,2013～2016年对吉林省9个地市,42个县(市/区),累计409个地点的玉米穗期害虫进行系统调查,为玉米穗期害虫的监测预警和制定合理防治策略提供科学依据。调查发现,吉林省玉米穗期有27种有害生物,隶属于3个纲,7个目,18个科。亚洲玉米螟、双斑长跗萤叶甲、叶螨和蚜虫的有虫田率均在80%以上,百株虫量和危害级别较高,是吉林省玉米的主要害虫。美洲黍潜叶蝇、古毒蛾、大青叶蝉、梨剑纹夜蛾、赤角盲蝽、白星花金龟等有虫田率在20%以下,且百株虫量<1头,尚未玉米生产造成威胁。此外,迁飞性害虫黏虫也是玉米穗期重要害虫,棉铃虫是潜在的玉米穗期重要害虫。     

外来入侵杂草宽叶酢浆草的研究进展

宽叶酢浆草(Oxalis latifolia)在全球分布广泛,且危害多种农作物,2007年中国将其列入进境植物检疫性有害生物名录.目前,在中国仅发生于云南省,但其适生性强,定殖和传播扩散的风险极高.本文就宽叶酢浆草的生物学特性、发生分布和危害以及防控措施等相关研究进行综述,为制定有效的防控措施提供参考.     

Weed abundance and soil seedbank responses to tillage systems in continuous maize crops

Weed abundance in crops undergoes frequent changes, often due to changes in tillage practices. Annual species, with quick germination, a short vegetative stage, profuse seed production and long-lived seeds become problematic under zero-tillage systems. Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus blitoides L. are widespread weeds in the Mediterranean area, prominent in irrigated crops. We studied the total weed abundance in the field, and specifically these two species (Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus blitoides) with high frequency of occurrence in monoculture maize, from 2012 to 2014, in the field and soil seedbank. Results showed significant differences between zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on total weed abundance and relative abundance of Portulaca oleracea. Total weed abundance decreased in ZT plots (from 136 plants m^?2 to 25 and 46 plants m^?2, in 2013 and 2014 respectively). The same trend was observed in Portulaca oleracea recorded in ZT plots, but the abundance of Amaranthus blitoides did not vary in this system. Weed seedling germination and weed seed numbers both of total weed seedbank and Portulaca oleracea, were greater in ZT plots compared to CT, regarding Amaranthus blitoides seedling germination and seed count, the values did not increase with ZT, in continuous maize crops.     

昆虫生长调节剂的抗性治理对策

综述了昆虫生长调节剂的发展概况,昆虫生长调节剂———保幼激素类似物、蜕皮激素类似物、几丁质合成抑制剂(含苯甲酰基脲类除虫剂、噻二嗪类、三嗪(嘧啶)胺类等品种)、四环三萜类化合物的应用研究情况以及农业害虫对昆虫生长调节剂的抗性机理,对不同的昆虫生长调节剂,其抗性机理不同.对于抗几丁质抑制剂,可能是几丁质合成酶受到保护,使抑制剂的穿透率降低;保幼激素类似物因双键或环氧等易被多功能氧化酶氧化降解.依据抗性机理,需加强抗性监测,从而更好地进行抗性治理.     

大豆资源对斜纹夜蛾的抗性鉴定

利用网室采集的57份大豆资源的叶片,室内喂养刚孵化的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,以幼虫重为指标,鉴定大豆资源对斜纹夜蛾的抗性.综合2001年和2002年的鉴定结果,品种间、年份间、品种与年份互作差异均达极显著水平.根据标准品种分级法对抗性鉴定结果进行划分,从供试的大豆资源中筛选出4个高抗和3个高感的标准品种,可以用于抗性的分级及抗虫新基因的发掘.