白背飞虱在抗感稻株上分泌蜜露的氨基酸成分分析

白背飞虱吸食水稻植株的韧皮部,影响其正常生长。近年来,由此而引起的水稻产量损失愈加明显。推广种植抗虫品种有效地阻止了飞虱在其上取食与建立种群,在防治此虫中发挥了十分重要的作用。水稻抗虫品种对白背飞虱产生的不良影响是多方面的。为了探索稻株韧皮部内营养成分对飞虱的影响,我们采用间接的方法分析了飞虱取食抗感稻株后分泌的蜜露中氨基酸的成分与含量。1 材料与方法1.1 蜜露的收集测定蜜露中游离氯基酸总量时选用的抗白背飞虱     

Bottom-up down from the top: Honeydew as a carbon source for soil organisms

Honeydew produced by aphids is a well-studied food source for mutualistic ants. Although considerable amounts drop onto the soil surface there are hardly any studies dealing with the potential effects of this additional C source for soil organisms, particularly those living at the soil surface. We studied this question by simulating honeydew and investigating plots under Populus canescens formerly infested with aphids on two ruderal sites differing in soil organic matter content and vegetation cover. The simulated honeydew input increased microbial biomass with some delay in week 10. Both natural and simulated honeydew raised the activity densities of an epigeic Collembola taxon, the Bourletiellidae, but not of the dominant Hemisotoma thermophila. The honeydew effect varied over time and with the site, and was more pronounced at the nutrient-poor site for Collembola, but not for microbial biomass. Ant consumption reduced the amount of honeydew reaching the soil surface by 50%. The activity density of H. thermophila was negatively related to ants and spiders, hinting at a top-down control. Honeydew clearly acts as a bottom-up force for soil organisms, which is however only part of the complex network connecting the food webs of primary producers and decomposers.     

Gut sugar analysis in field-caught parasitoids: Adapting methods originally developed for biting flies

The ability to determine the presence and identity of sugars in the guts of adult parasitoids in the field would aid researchers in addressing long-standing problems in parasitoid ecology. Until very recently, however, gut sugar analyses have not been carried out on parasitoids. This is despite the development and use of methodologies for gut sugar analyses in biting flies (mosquitoes, sand-flies, black-flies, horse- and deer-flies, and biting midges) for decades. Methods used have been the cold anthrone test for the detection of gut sugars, and various forms of chromatography for the identification of gut sugars. We review the use of these methods in biting fly research and then describe the nascent field of gut sugar analyses in parasitoids. Both cold anthrone and chromatography tests have begun to be used on field-caught parasitoids, and we describe progress from our own work. We used cold anthrone on the aphid parasitoid Aphelinus albipodus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), and results from one field study show that approximately one-fifth of individuals tested were positive for gut sugars. The characteristics of the field site point to the primary source of these gut sugars as being aphid honeydew. We also analysed the gut contents of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth. In this case, HPLC analyses showed that over 85% of field-captured individuals had fed upon sugars. These same analyses suggested that honeydew may have been a major source of the gut sugars in this case also, but the sugar profiles suggest some nectar feeding. Understanding the importance of various sugar sources on parasitoid activity and effectiveness will facilitate the incorporation of sugar sources in habitat manipulation programmes as a part of IPM.     

感染病毒的烟草对烟蚜种群及蜜露排泄的影响

研究了感染CMV,PVY后的烟草对介体烟蚜的种群及蜜露排泄的影响。结果表明,PVY病株有助于介体烟蚜种群数量的增长;CMV病株在接蚜初期,不利于烟蚜若蚜的存活与发育,但到后期种群数量与健株之间无明显差异。24 h内,以PVY病株上烟蚜的蜜露排泄量最大,健株次之;CMV病株最少。     

白兰瓜不同生长阶段营养成分积累与消耗分析

为了了解白兰瓜(Honey melon)营养成分在不同生长阶段的变化及趋向,对白兰瓜不同生长阶段(从坐果到成熟)的粗蛋白、有机酸、纤维素、糖分、果胶物质、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、锌(Zn)、磷(p)、铁(Fe)和钙(Ca)等14种营养成分的含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:粗蛋白、有机酸、纤维素、维生素B1和维生素B2等营养成分的含量变化随着白兰瓜逐步成熟呈下降趋势;糖分、粗脂肪呈增长趋势,逐步积累,尤其是糖分积累主要集中在成熟期;果胶物质含量基本呈增长趋势;维生素C生长初期迅速增长,之后变化不大;矿质元素中锌、磷、铁、钙含量随生长而逐步减少。     

Effects of nitrogen on egg-laying inhibition and ovicidal response in planthopper-resistant rice varieties

A series of experiments was set up to examine the effects of nitrogen on rice (Oryza sativa L.) resistance against Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). Egg laying by N. lugens was reduced on the indica variety IR60. Nymph biomass (N. lugens and S. furcifera) was also lower on IR60: this was associated with low honeydew production and a high proportion of xylem-derived honeydew in N. lugens but not in S. furcifera. Nitrogen increased egg-laying by S. furcifera and increased N. lugens nymph biomass on all varieties tested. Oviposition and egg mortality in both planthopper species were examined on plants at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS). Sogatella furcifera laid more eggs on plants at 15 DAS, but laid few eggs during darkness; N. lugens continued to lay eggs on older rice plants (30 DAS) and during darkness. Egg mortality was high on cv. Asiminori, highest at 45 DAS, and higher for S. furcifera than for N. lugens. Mortality of S. furcifera eggs was associated with lesions around the egg clusters. These were more common around clusters laid during the day and suggested induction by Asiminori of an ovicidal response. Egg mortality declined under higher soil nitrogen levels. Results are discussed in the light of improving rice resistance against planthoppers and reducing rates of planthopper adaptation to resistance genes.     

基于气象条件的巴彦淖尔市河套蜜瓜的品质区划

河套蜜瓜属农业部确定的优质产品,近年来被盲目扩种,既扰乱了市场又影响了该品牌的声誉。为确定该品牌的适宜种植范围,利用磴口河套蜜瓜含糖率资料与相应年代气象资料进行相关分析,筛选出影响含糖率的农业气象指标,采用逐步回归方法建立含糖率综合评估模式,利用细网格推算模型,在CtityStar4.0平台上进行了河套蜜瓜品质的区划,为当地蜜瓜发展提供参考。     

Ant-mediated effects on spruce litter decomposition, solution chemistry, and microbial activity

Forest management practices often generate clear-cut patches, which may be colonized by ants not present in the same densities in mature forests. In addition to the associated changes in abiotic conditions ants can initiate processes, which do not occur in old-growth stands. Here, we analyse the effects of ants and aphid honeydew on litter solution of Norway spruce, microbial enzyme activities, and needle decomposition in a field and greenhouse experiment during summer 2003. In the field, low ant densities had relatively little effects on litter solution 30 cm away from a tree trunk, but significantly increased organic carbon concentrations and decreased inorganic nitrogen concentrations next to a trunk where ants tend to build their nests. In a greenhouse experiment, the addition of ants to lysimeters containing spruce litter significantly increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH₄-N, NO₃-N and K concentrations in litter solutions compared to the control treatment, while the simulation of aphid infestation (addition of honeydew) significantly increased DOC as a direct result of honeydew leaching, and decreased inorganic N concentrations in leachates. The presence of ants resulted in a changed composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with more aromatic and complex compounds, and microbial enzyme activity was significantly higher in litter extracts from the ant treatment compared to the honeydew and control treatment. However, mass loss, litter %C and %N were not affected by ants or honeydew. Our results suggest that ants have a distinct and immediate effect on solution composition and microbial activity in the litter layer indicating accelerated litter decay whereas the effect of honeydew was insignificant.     

棉苗缺素对棉蚜生长发育和排蜜的影响

用室内缺素水培棉苗饲养棉蚜表明,棉苗缺钙,缺硫有利于棉蚜生长、繁殖及排蜜;与全营养水培棉苗相比,缺氮,缺磷棉苗上棉蚜重减轻,个体生殖力下降,;排蜜量减少;缺钾棉苗上的棉蚜生长发育与全营养液上的无显著差异,但排蜜量增多;缺镁棉苗上的棉蚜个体生殖力提高。     

稻飞虱为害胁迫对水稻植株内主要保护酶活性的影响

 研究了水稻植株受白背飞虱和褐飞虱为害后体内的活性氧清除系统主要酶活性的变化动态。结果表明，受白背飞虱为害后，稻株体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增加、过氧化氢酶（catalase）活性下降，过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化在抗虫和感虫材料中有差异，前者活性增加，后者下降；受褐飞虱为害后，SOD活性增加，catalase和POD活性在抗虫材料中下降，而在感虫材料中增加；其为害造成的抗虫材料SOD活性增长率和感虫材料catalase活性下降率均比白背飞虱高。这和褐飞虱的取食量明显高于白背飞虱的取食量趋势相似。