向日葵[Helianthus annuus(L.)]白花粉突变体遗传研究初报

向日葵[IIelianlhus anuus (L.)]是我国的重要经济作物。其花粉通常呈深浅程度不同的黄颜色。据我们掌握和查新资料,目前世界上尚未见有关白花粉方面的报道。1989年7月下旬至8月上旬,我们在吉林农业大学向日葵育种试验田的恢复系C8711群体中,先后发现4株白花粉突变体。暂分别定名为C8711—1、C8711—2、C8711—3和C8711—4。在进行人工套袋之前,此4株突变体已经在一定程度上发生了开放授粉,其中C8711—4开放授粉程度较轻。成熟时单独收获这4株突变体的种子,以进行有关遗传学研究,本文拟对白花粉突变的遗传学机理进行初步的探讨。     

R-41, a sunflower restorer inbred line, carrying two genes for resistance against a highly virulent Spanish population of Orobanche cernua

The inheritance of resistance to a highly virulent population of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cernua) has been studied in R-41, a Spanish sunflower restorer inbred line. Using the cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred line HA-89 (cms; very susceptible to this population of broomrape) as a female parent, progenies of the cross with R-41, i.e. Fl, F2 and BC1 to both parents, as well as the parental lines, were analysed for their reaction to the broomrape population EC-94. The goodness of fit of the observed vs expected segregation ratios indicated that the inheritance of resistance to broomrape in line R-41 is conferred by two independent dominant genes.     

脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂在碱化土壤改良中的效果

通过大田试验,研究了添加燃煤脱硫废弃物和几种专用改良剂对碱化土壤性质的变化及其对油葵(Helianthusannuus)生长的影响。结果表明:二者配合施用提高了土壤有机质和养分含量,一定程度上降低了碱化度、pH和全盐含量,使油葵出苗率、株高和产量分别提高了116.7%、19.2%和140.7%以上;3种专用改良剂间,改良剂Ⅲ在提高土壤养分含量和降低碱化度和全盐含量等方面的效果最佳,其增产幅度也最高;改良剂Ⅰ的两个施用时期间,秋施显著提高了有机质、全N和碱解N含量,降低了全盐含量,提高了油葵出苗率和产量;改良剂Ⅰ的3个施用水平间,7.50 t hm-2和11.25 t hm-2的施用量下具有较高的全N和碱解N含量、较低的全盐含量和碱化度以及较高的出苗率、株高和产量。以上结果表明脱硫废弃物和改良剂及其配合施用改善了土壤物理化学性质,且有利于油葵的生长和发育。其中,改良剂Ⅲ的改良效果最佳,但其施用技术有待于进一步的研究。     

不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA提取效果比较研究

为筛选菊芋块茎DNA提取的适宜生育时期,以“青芋1号”菊芋品种为试材,用改良CTAB法对不同发育时期菊芋块茎DNA进行提取,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及全波长分光光度计检测总DNA的纯度、浓度及质量,选用4条ISSR引物进行PCR验证.结果表明:不同发育时期提取菊芋块茎DNA效果较好,DNA浓度呈现单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在第9周,与琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测呈现的亮度结果一致,PCR验证结果显示,提取的DNA能够满足后续相关分子生物学的要求.     

半干旱地区海涂海水灌溉对不同品系菊芋产量构成及离子分布的影响

在半干旱海涂以不同品系菊芋（Helianthus tuberosusL．）为材料进行田间试验，研究了海水灌溉对不同品系菊芋产量构成及离子分布的影响。结果表明：（1）南芋2号根和地上部生物量较其他品系大，南芋5号和南芋3号株高在各浓度海水灌溉下均显著高于其他菊芋品系，而茎粗在各处理下变化不一致，在30％海水灌溉下，南芋1号根和地上部物质积累未受到抑制作用，其他各品系菊芋的根和地上部物质积累受到了一定抑制。（2）各菊芋品系块茎产量差异较显著，在30％海水灌溉下，南芋2号产量显著高于其他品系，各菊芋品系块茎单重在各处理下差异也较显著，南芋1号和2号块茎单重最大，各菊芋品系块茎总糖和菊糖含量差异较显著。（3）随海水浓度的增加，各品系菊芋根、茎和叶的C1-和Na^＋含量均增加，但品系间差异较显著，叶片的Na’含量显著低于根和茎的Na’含量。从生物积累量和块茎产量、总糖和菊糖含量及离子分布看，南芋1号和南芋2号较其他品系更适合在半干旱海涂利用适当浓度海水进行灌溉种植。     

菊芋块茎发育期凝集素基因的鉴定和表达分析

凝集素是生物中普遍存在的一类糖结合蛋白,通过特异识别不同糖基而介导多种生物过程.本研究以'南菊芋1号'为研究材料,克隆并鉴定了12个凝集素基因.利用生物信息学分析这些基因编码蛋白的性质表明:等电点为4.96～5.23,偏酸性;依据其特异性糖基结合域归为三类:8个属于木菠萝家族(JRL),2个属于雪花莲家族(GNA),2...     

除草剂对徐州山地林下主要杂草的防除

通过对徐州市林场侧柏人工纯林林下植被进行抽样调查,选取形成林火地面易燃物的主要杂草一年蓬、野燕麦为研究对象,用农达(草甘膦异丙胺盐41%水剂)、MCPA(2甲4氯钠盐13%水剂)、精禾草克(精喹禾灵5%乳油)3种防除效率较高的除草剂进行试验。结果表明,农达和MCPA不同浓度混合溶液具很好的防除效果。从生态环境、防除效果和经济成本等因素综合考虑,200倍农达稀释液与200倍MPCA稀释液的混合液对一年蓬和野燕麦防除效果最佳,可应用在森林防火隔离带的建设中。     

利用外源DNA导入技术培育向日葵育种新材料

采用氯仿－异戊醇－RNA酶法，从菊芋、罗马尼亚向日葵幼叶中提取总DNA，利用花粉管通道法和子房注射法导入向日葵品种“吉农92－1”、“吉农92－5”中，发现D1代及D2代在植株形态、种皮色、百粒重、好粒大小等性状上出现了新的变异类型。     

Intraspecific Relationship of Plasmopara halstedii Isolates Differing in Pathogenicity and Geographic Origin Based on ITS Sequence Data

Sequence parts of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were analysed to screen for the intraspecific variability of a non-coding genomic region in 15 Plasmopara halstedii populations of different pathotype and geographic origin. Samples revealed uniformity in a ca. 790 Bp fragment comprising of the ITS-1, 5.8S and front parts of the ITS-2. In contrast, clear differences were found in a ca. 810 Bp fragment of the ITS-2 thus allowing differentiation between populations of pathotype 100, 310 and 330 and a group of populations representing pathotypes 700, 701, 703, 710 and 730. Samples of pathotypes 700 to730 originated from Slovakia, France, and Germany, but were uniform in both ITS sequence parts, thus indicating very recent origin of these highly aggressive physiological races. The potential use of ITS sequences for pathotype differentiation and phylogenetic studies in P. halstedii is discussed.     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.