滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放动力学分析

为探讨滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放规律并揭示其释放机制,该研究以氯化钠、蔗糖和谷氨酸钠分别为鱼糜凝胶咸味、甜味和鲜味的代表滋味物质,通过感官评价、释放动力学模型拟合和模拟咀嚼释放等方法,分析滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放规律。结果表明,随着交联度的增加,人体对咸味的感知逐渐降低而对鲜味的感知逐渐增强,并当交联度大于42.2%时,咀嚼破碎显著提高了鱼糜凝胶咸味和鲜味的感知（P<0.01）。氯化钠和蔗糖的释放动力学曲线符合准一级动力学模型,而谷氨酸钠的释放则符合准二级动力学模型。随着交联度的增加,鱼糜凝胶在模拟咀嚼过程中氯化钠和蔗糖的释放量先降后升,分别在交联度为42.2%和51.5%时取得最小值（4.54和3.38 mg/g）;而谷氨酸钠的咀嚼释放量则逐渐增加。相关性分析结果表明,氯化钠和蔗糖在鱼糜凝胶中的释放主要与网络结构和化学作用力相关,谷氨酸钠的释放主要与凝胶质地、凝胶持水性和化学作用力相关。综上,滋味物质在鱼糜凝胶中的释放行为受滋味物质种类、凝胶质地以及凝胶与滋味物质的相互作用等多方面的影响,且凝胶在咀嚼过程中较高的破碎程度增强了滋味物质的释放与感知。     

植物单宁酸交联明胶的条件优化及性质分析

该文用单宁酸作交联剂对明胶进行交联改性,通过响应面法优化反应条件并建立回归模型,并对交联前后的明胶进行十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、紫外光谱和黏度等3方面的分析测定,确认单宁酸交联对明胶所产生的交联作用,开发新食品配料交联明胶。结果显示:适宜的交联反应条件为反应温度47.5℃,时间50h,单宁酸添加量80mg/g明胶。性质分析表明,与原料明胶相比交联明胶一些性质发生变化,紫外光谱分析发现交联明胶在276nm出现新吸收峰,表明交联明胶分子中存在苯环;电泳后交联明胶的蛋白质条带色泽明显变浅,且交联度越大条带色泽越浅,此外,交联明胶溶液的黏度明显增大,说明单宁酸交联处理使交联明胶中有更多的大分子物质生成。     

追氮时期对两种筋型小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响

大田条件下,选用2个有代表性的强、弱筋型冬小麦品种,研究追肥时期对小麦淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明：除糊化时间外,其他性状变异系数均大于10％,而且两种筋型品种之间淀粉糊化特性的变异幅度有较大差异。强筋型品种豫麦34号的淀粉糊化特性值均高于弱筋型品种豫麦50号。随追肥时期变化,两种筋型品种的变化规律不同,且均以拔节期追肥表现较优,因此,拔节期是淀粉糊化特性的较佳施肥时期。     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

Temperature variations during grain filling obtained in growth tunnel experiments and its influence on protein content,polymer build-up and gluten viscoelastic properties in wheat

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of temperature during grain filling on gluten quality characteristics at a lower to moderate temperature range. Experiments with two wheat varieties grown in field covered by polypropylene tunnels during grain filling were performed in two seasons. Mean day temperature differences achieved within the tunnel were approximately 2–2.5 °C from the open to the closed end. There were significant effects of temperature on grain maturity time, thousand grain weight and protein content. The resistance to stretching of the gluten doughs increased with the increasing day temperatures. This was reflected in the proportion of unextractable polymeric proteins (UPP). The results suggest that increases in temperature within this temperature range affect the polymerization of polymeric proteins, giving higher molecular weights, and hence increased Rmax and stronger gluten. The two varieties differed in their response to temperature. In addition, there were seasonal variations in gluten functionality that may be associated with fluctuations in day temperatures between the seasons.     

Potential angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from gluten hydrolysate: Biochemical characterization and molecular docking study

The present study was carried out to characterize ACE inhibitory peptides which are released from the trypsin hydrolysate of wheat gluten protein. In silico proteolitic digestion of a high molecular weight glutenin subunit was performed. Among the resultant fragments, four peptides were selected for chemical synthesis based on the chemoinformatics studies and docking properties. The ACE inhibitory activity and kinetic parameters of the most important peptides were determined. Molecular docking simulation was also performed to predict the sites on ACE in which these peptides bind and displayed inhibition mechanisms. Two peptide sequences of IPALLKR (P4) and AQQLAAQLPAMCR (P6) showed higher ACE inhibitory activity among peptide collection. The IC₅₀ values of P6 and P4 were 43 ± 1.3 μM and 68 ± 2.8 μM, respectively. P6 peptide was proved to be a more potent ACE inhibitor than P4 peptide. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that P6 and P4 behaved as non-competitive and competitive ACE inhibitors, respectively. The simulations showed that P4 bound to the active site region. Conversely, P6 bound to the N-terminus entrance of substrate tunnel and obstructed the substrate access into the catalytic site. Overall, the results showed that these peptides would be considered as a model for discovering new bio-compatible ACE inhibitors.     

Quantitative proteomic analysis of wheat grain proteins reveals differential effects of silencing of omega-5 gliadin genes in transgenic lines

Novel wheat lines with altered flour compositions can be used to decipher the roles of specific gluten proteins in flour quality. Grain proteins from transgenic wheat lines in which genes encoding the omega-5 gliadins were silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) were analyzed by quantitative 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The precise effects of the genetic modifications on the proteome were assessed in four homozygous lines generated with the same RNAi construct. Two of the lines showed >80% decreases in omega-5 gliadins with only small changes in the levels of other gluten proteins. In the other two lines, omega-5 gliadins were not detectable by 2-DE. However, there were notable reductions in all omega-1,2 gliadins. Small decreases in several other gluten proteins were also detected in one of the lines. The other line showed notable decreases in three HMW-GS and an s-type LMW-GS, increases in two m-type LMW-GS and several alpha gliadins, as well as increases in both serpins and triticin. The study demonstrates that the same RNAi construct can have differential effects on the wheat grain proteome and highlights the importance of detailed proteomic analyses of transgenic grain prior to selecting lines for further assessment of flour quality and allergenic potential.     

交联碱木质素--聚乙烯醇基钾镁缓释膜肥对钾、镁的缓释性能

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用率和扩大其应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料、甲醛作为交 联剂、添加硫酸钾和硫酸镁制备交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇基钾镁缓释膜肥。采用FTIR-ATR 方法测定缓释膜肥的化 学结构,并用淋溶实验检验缓释膜肥对钾、镁的缓释作用。结果表明:1)缓释膜肥在3 260 cm-1 左右的峰变小变宽, 1 332.57 cm-1 处吸收峰消失,1 145.51 ~983.52 cm-1 范围内吸收峰变大,说明碱木质素、聚乙烯醇经甲醛交联有化 学反应发生。2)与纯PVA 交联薄膜相比,碱木质素的加入不利于钾的缓释,而适量的碱木质素有利于镁的缓释, 碱木质素加入量可达20%。随着甲醛加入量的增大,钾累积释放率减小;适量甲醛有利于镁的缓释,但随着甲醛加 入量的增大,缓释膜肥对镁的缓释性能降低。对镁的缓释,甲醛的合适加入量为3.59%。缓释膜肥对钾的缓释主 要是分子结构的物理阻挡作用,而镁缓释除了物理阻挡作用还有木质素的螯合作用。3)对缓释膜肥的动力学试验 数据进行拟合,钾缓释的4 种模型拟合程度都很高,其中Higuchi 模型拟合程度最高,决定系数为0.994 1,说明钾缓 释行为遵循Fick 扩散。镁缓释模型中Ritger-Peppas 模型的拟合程度最高,决定系数为0.974 2,其缓释指数(0.5 n1.0)表明镁缓释行为是扩散和溶蚀综合作用的结果。      

土壤质地对冬小麦淀粉积累的影响

以3种筋力型冬小麦品种为试材,研究其在不同土壤质地上,池栽条件下淀粉的积累动态。结果表明:壤土上淀粉积累速率最大,粘土上次之,砂土上最小。不同土壤质地强筋品种淀粉积累呈不规则抛物线趋势,但差异不大;中筋品种在不同土壤质地上积累动态呈不规则抛物线,其中,在壤土上淀粉积累量最大;弱筋品种在不同土壤上淀粉积累均呈抛物线型,在壤土上淀粉积累量最大。     

化学合成面筋蛋白外啡肽B5对鸡淋巴细胞体外免疫活性的影响

面筋蛋白外啡肽B5是一种通过面筋蛋白的体外酶解所获得的阿片肽,具有一定的免疫学功能,有望成为一新型免疫增强剂。本研究通过化学合成方法制备,并将其加入鸡外周血单个核细胞中,以观察其对淋巴细胞的增殖效应和对IFN-γ和IL-4mRNA水平影响。结果显示,化学合成获得了高纯度的外啡肽B5(HPLC质量分数大于98.435 7%);外啡肽B5能显著促进鸡淋巴细胞的增殖,并能显著提高IFN-γ的mRNA水平(P0.05),对IL-4mRNA无显著影响。