臭氧和紫外线对冰箱消毒的研究

家用冰箱存在着不同程度的细菌污染，必需对冰箱进行定期或不定期的消毒。经用载体法和平皿法研究发现，用紫外线对冰箱进行消毒是可行的，其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞有较强的杀灭作用，而且不会引起冰箱内温度升高。同时还可产生少量Ｑ，除去冰箱内异味，因此具有杀菌、抑菌、除臭保鲜的作用。     

Stoffbildung, CO2-Gaswechsel, Kohlenhydrat- und Stickstoffgehalt von Winterweizen bei erhöhter CO2-Konzentration und Trocken-streß

Dry Matter Production, CO₂ Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO₂ Concentration and Drought Stress
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO₂ concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO₂ exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO₂ concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO₂ treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO₂ concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO₂ concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants.     

绿色环保型循环冷却水处理技术

分析了当前绿色环保的循环冷却水的处理工艺、现状、机理和应用情况，指出了绿色环保型循环冷却水的重要性，以期引起业内的重视并提供参考。     

Remediation of amide pesticide-polluted soils by combined solarization and ozonation treatment

Agriculture has a close relationship with nature, but it can also be the source of negative and permanent environmental effects. The use of pesticides in modern agriculture is a common practice, but their side effects on the environment cannot be disregarded. In this study, we evaluated a combination of solarization and ozonation techniques for the elimination of six amide pesticides (boscalid, chlorantraniliprole, cyflufenamid, fluopyram, napropamide, and propyzamide) in soil. Initial experiments were performed with four different soils to assess the efficiency of this methodology at different soil temperatures and ozone dosages under laboratory conditions, and then a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions during summer. Fifty days after the onset of the experiments, higher degradation percentages of amide pesticides were observed in ozonized soils than in other treated soils, particularly when ozone was applied at 10 cm soil depth. The results show that the utilization of ozonation, along with solarization, represents a valid method for degrading residues of the studied pesticides and suggest that this combined technology may be a promising tool for remediating pesticide-polluted soils.     

臭氧结合氮气气调储藏对稻谷品质的影响

为探讨臭氧(O3)预处理结合氮气(N2)气调对稻谷储藏品质的影响,以4种不同方式(O3/N2、O3/Air、对照/N2、对照/Air)对稻谷进行处理,并在14℃和相对湿度75％的储藏条件下,对储藏期间稻谷微生物指标、理化特性和感官评分等进行研究.结果表明,臭氧预处理显著降低了稻谷中细菌、霉菌和酵母菌菌落数(P＜0.05...     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

地表臭氧胁迫对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响研究

为深入探讨地表臭氧（O3）对冬小麦品质的影响,采用开顶式气室（OTC）,设置3个处理组：CK（对照组）、CF100（O3浓度为100 nL·L-1）、CF150（O3浓度为150 nL·L-1）,通过大田试验和实验室分析,开展了O3浓度增加对冬小麦蛋白质及其组分、氨基酸及其组成、淀粉含量等营养品质和加工品质的影响研究。结果表明：①籽粒氨基酸总量依次为CF100〉CF150〉CK,而人体所需的必需氨基酸总量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,处理间均差异显著（P〈0.05）。②粗蛋白含量随O3浓度的升高而增加,但各组分间变化趋势不同：清蛋白、球蛋白的含量为CF150〉CF100〉CK,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白的含量则为CF100〉CF150〉CK。③淀粉含量随着O3浓度的升高而降低,两者呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）,与CK相比,CF100、CF150冬小麦淀粉含量分别下降了4.06%和16.61％。可见,O3胁迫能促进籽粒营养品质和加工品质的合成。     

遮荫条件下O_3胁迫对冬小麦气孔导度影响的模拟

为了探究在遮荫条件下地表O3浓度增加对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,开展了两种不同强度遮荫与开顶式气室（OTC）相结合的大田试验,设置3个处理组：O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（60±5）%遮荫的处理组（T1）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1结合（20±5）%遮荫的处理组（T2）;O3浓度为（100±9）nL.L-1不作遮荫的处理组（CK）。利用SC-1型气孔导度仪测定了3个处理组冬小麦不同生育期的气孔导度值。综合分析了生育期和O3胁迫,以及水汽压差（VPD）、温度（T）、光照（PAR）环境因子的变化对冬小麦气孔导度的影响,采用修正后的Jarvis非线性气孔导度模型模拟了3个处理组的气孔导度值。结果表明：遮荫对大田环境因子均产生了影响,其中,T1、T2处理组8：00—16：00点的平均温度和水汽压差较CK相比分别下降了5.6℃、4.1℃和0.84kPa、0.74kPa;用该模型得到的气孔导度模拟值与观测值进行了比较,R2=0.88,表明模型模拟效果良好;同时,根据O3吸收通量模型计算出T1、T2和CK处理组在整个O3熏蒸时期,冬小麦O3累积吸收通量分别为14.92、15.52、16.23mmolO3.m-2,并由此建立了O3吸收通量（x）与干物质损失（y）的关系分别为：y=1.0-0.038x和y=1.0-0.022x,表明在相同O3胁迫条件下,遮荫导致了冬小麦O3累积吸收通量的差异,在60%和20%遮荫条件下,O3吸收通量增加10mmol.m-2,与CK相比,其干物质累积损失分别为38.0%和22.0%。     

水稻拔节期根系呼吸对臭氧污染和厌氧—有氧环境变化的响应

依托O3FACE(Free-Air O3 Enrichment)研究平台,研究了大气臭氧(O3)浓度增加对拔节期水稻根系呼吸和生物量积累分配的影响,利用特制集气装置分析了厌氧—有氧条件对根系呼吸的影响。结果表明,O3浓度升高水稻冠层和总生物量略有降低,而根干物重和根/冠比分别显著降低14.7%和10.4%。9∶1和9.5∶0.5的纯N2∶O2配比利于根系呼吸,纯N2或空气、CO2饱和蒸馏水条件不同程度降低了根系呼吸速率;高臭氧处理、对照处理的水稻根系呼吸速率分别在CO2饱和蒸馏水、纯N2条件下最小,表明尽管不同根系测定条件影响根系呼吸速率,但影响程度也受植物生长的大气环境制约。臭氧污染处理水稻根系的呼吸速率在气态测定条件下显著高于正常大气处理23.6%～52.7%,在CO2饱和蒸馏水测定条件下未达到显著水平,臭氧污染效应明显降低。两个环境生长的水稻根系呼吸均随测定根系气态环境供氧量的增加呈凸二次函数变化,5%～10%比例的氧气供应促进了根系呼吸,较强的厌氧环境(纯N2)和有氧环境(Air)均不利于水稻根系呼吸。     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.