高标准基本农田建设成效评价——以盐亭县为例

基于高标准基本农田建设工作的开展,以盐亭县为例,从建设后的自然质量、建设任务完成情况和综合成效3个方面进行分析,选取土层厚度、土地平整工程量、提高粮食生产能力等14个因子,用熵权法测算各评价单元的建设成效性,将其建设成效评价划分为4个等级。结果表明:在高标准基本农田建设中,成效评价为优良的项目占总项目数的61.90%,占建设总面积的63.39%;只有2个项目所占的4.76%的建设总面积评价结果为差。该研究结果可为后期建设高标准基本农田提供科学依据。     

Towards sustainable farming systems: Effectiveness and deficiency of the French procedure of sustainable agriculture

There is a widespread consensus about the importance of sustainable agriculture. In France, the Farming Orientation Law of July 1999 has set down a precise procedure for the implementation of sustainable agriculture: the contrat territorial d’exploitation – or territorial farm contract (TFC). This paper aims to analyse the TFC effectiveness. An analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France, using statistical analysis and qualitative surveys of a sample of farms. The results show that the most valuable effects have been mainly economic. Effects regarding social and environmental aspects were very limited. But from the point of view of an integrated approach, indirect effects of TFCs can be observed on social and environmental aspects. These results are explained, on the one hand, by farmers’ motivations guided by economic objectives, and on the other hand, by the dominance of professional farming organisations in the implementation of TFC’s procedure. Given these results, two ways of improving the elaboration procedure for TFCs are proposed. Firstly, technical improvements can be made to the diagnostic assessment of farms, and to the choice of actions addressed by the contract. Secondly, organisational improvements can be applied to TFCs elaboration and implementation process, in order to adopt a participatory approach which would involve all rural stakeholders.     

套袋对白水县苹果质量及效益的影响

白水县是陕西苹果的最佳优生区,套袋苹果已占苹果生产总量的65.54%,是无公害苹果生产的关键技术之一,研究套袋技术对苹果生产具有重要的指导意义。项目对白水县苹果套袋情况进行了系统的调查,并就生产中三种果袋对苹果外观质量、内在质量、果实黑点病发生情况、效益等进行了研究。研究结果表明：目前生产中应用较多的仍然是双层双色纸袋和单层双色劣质纸袋,果实套袋能显著提高果实光洁度、着色度、果实外观鲜艳,降低VC含量,增加黑点病发病率,其中套双层三色优质纸袋苹果黑点病发病率轻,为5.2%,而套单层双色劣质纸袋重,高达47.7%,套袋能显著提高苹果生产的经济效益     

不同品种·系统后备绵羊零死亡率模式的效益评价

[目的]获取不同品种、系统后备绵羊在零死亡率模式下的效益评价,为养殖种羊的出售提供数据参考。[方法]选择平均初生重接近的母羔,春羔考力代43只(A)及罗姆尼24只(B对照)各1群与冬羔考力代37只(C)母羔1群,共104只。记录断奶重、月末体重、计算死亡率。到次年4月份,剔除死亡羔羊后分析7月至次年4月经济效益。[结果]A、B、C组死亡率分别为4.65%、12.5%、16.0%。罗姆尼B组与冬羔考力代C组在0.01水平上极显著差异。冬、春羔考力代与罗姆尼对照极显著差异。A组盛草期羔羊体重变异系数比B组高1.66个百分点,同时B组低于C组1.82个百分点。9月、12月、4月体重与前3个月在0.05水平上显著相关;到12月后至4月除与3月显著相关外,其他月份在0.01水平上极显著相关。6月龄出售种羊,春羔考力代平均理论利润高于罗姆尼93.21元/只,高冬羔考力代15.3元/只。12月的理论利润春羔高罗姆尼93.92元,高冬羔23.15元。在零死亡率情况下12月出售与9月出售相比,各组每只平均损失A组219.5元、B组240元、C组258元。[结论]初生重、断奶重、死亡率之间无相关性;在该地区春羔考力代绵羊具有更好的选育优势,9月(6月龄)为种羊最佳出售时机。     

土壤中重金属污染有效性评价

介绍了3种主要评价土壤中重金属污染物有效性的方法,包括指数法、富集系数法、污染损失率法,并对3种评价方法的优缺点进行了论述,认为各种方法相辅相成,不能相互代替.在评价重金属污染有效性时,首先要清楚评价的目的,然后才能选择合适的评价方法.     

Research on the Effectiveness of the Direct Regulation Pricing Methods of Public Utility

This paper analyzes the industrial organization of public utility and its cause and synthetically researches government direct regulating pricing methods of public utility, mostly the static or dynamic cost mark-up pricing methods. It is indicated by the means of game theory and imperfect contract theory, under the conditions of imperfect information and the government's inferior position, It's impossible to develop the incentive mechanism to utility enterprise, makes low productivity in public utility. The inefficiency of the cost monitor and control is inevitable when the direct regulation pricing system be used. The thought of direct pricing methods is a mechanical obstruction to improve the effectiveness of public utility. It's the radical approach for the government to reform the regulation modes in order to improve the effectiveness and social surplus of public utility.     

闽西北山区几种阔叶树种造林效果评价研究

在福建三明市梅列区陈大镇棕南进行山乌桕等24个乡土阔叶树种山地造林对比试验,4年生结果显示,24个树种间的造林成活率、树高、胸径、冠幅生长量均存在极显著差异,表明山地造林成功的关键技术之一是树种选择。24种乡土阔叶树种的高生长与胸径（地径）生长均表现出极显著的正相关（P〈0.0001）。根据各树种的造林成活率与生长量的综合表现,山乌桕、枫香、山杜英、拟赤杨、石栎、木荷、杨梅在山地造林表现较优,可作为当地营造水土保持林、水源涵养林等生态公益林的首选树种。     

Effectiveness of protected areas in north-eastern New South Wales: recent trends in six measures

We applied six measures of effectiveness to recent decisions about additional conservation areas in north-eastern New South Wales. Three have been widely used previously: (1) number of conservation areas; (2) total extent of conservation areas; and (3) representativeness (the proportion of natural features such as forest types or animal species represented in conservation areas to some targeted level). The other measures were: (4) efficiency or representation bias (the extent to which some features are protected above target levels at the expense of others that remain poorly protected); (5) relative protection of vulnerable areas within public land (percentage protection of flat, fertile areas relative to that of steep and/or infertile areas); and (6) relative protection of vulnerable areas across all tenures (the correlation between the amount of protection given to features and their vulnerabilities to clearing). We applied the measures in two chronological comparisons: the reserve system in 1994, 1996 and 1997; and before and after the Interim Assessment Process of 1996 which involved negotiations over new reserves and extensive unreserved areas that were temporarily deferred from logging. Over the study period, despite expansion of formal conservation and progress towards quantitative conservation targets, gazetted reserves remained strongly biased to the steep and/or infertile parts of public lands. Both gazetted reserves and areas deferred from logging increased the bias in protection away from forest types most vulnerable to clearing and for which regional conservation targets had already been most compromised. Two major challenges for future conservation decisions in the region are common to conservation planning generally: (1) to focus protection within public tenure on habitats and species most vulnerable to threatening processes such as logging; and (2) to provide more effective conservation management on private lands where loss of native vegetation continues.     

大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicuum)在黑龙江省接种效果与接种有效性的研究

据1983-1985年在黑龙江省45个县,(市)792个试验点,6种土壤和14个大豆品种的小区试验和大面积试验证明:大豆接种根瘤菌比不接种平均增产11.2%,每公顷增收大豆241.5公斤。5年(1983-1987)累计应用面积已达31.5万公顷。由于大豆接种根瘤菌增加了大豆的结瘤数和根瘤重、植株鲜重和干重、植株含氮量和根瘤固氮酶活性,从而提高大豆产量和籽实蛋白质含量。本文研究了大豆接种根瘤菌的有效性与土著根瘤菌生态分布(以大豆自然结瘤性状C值、接种回收率为指标),大豆品种对根瘤菌的选择性,土壤化学因子(N.P.K.DH.有机质)的相关关系以及与化学肥料(磷酸二铵)、微量元素肥料(钼酸铵),VA菌根真菌的联合增产效应。     

大兴安岭林区一次飞机增雨作业的条件识别和效果分析

应用GRAPES模式预报资料、卫星云特征参量产品、L波段探空数据、雷达资料等,对2015年6月6日大兴安岭林区一次飞机增雨作业过程进行条件判别并初步分析了作业效果。结果表明,GRAPES模式对云宏观场的模拟效果较好,云带范围、云顶高度、云顶温度、发展趋势与实况基本一致,垂直累积过冷水含量及其水凝物的预报为作业条件的识别提供了重要参考;作业后影响区内降水回波面积增大、回波增强,云层增厚,垂直累积液态水含量有所增加。