火龙果镰刀菌果腐病病原菌鉴定及生物学特性研究

采用形态学特征观察、rDNA-ITS序列、EF-1α序列比对和系统发育树分析的方法对引起火龙果镰刀菌果腐病病原菌进行鉴定,并初步研究其生物学特性。结果表明:引起火龙果镰刀菌果腐病是单隔镰刀菌(Fusarium dimerum Penzig in Saccardo),这是该菌引起火龙果果腐病在国内的首次报道。该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度25~35℃,最适温度30℃,适宜产孢温度25~35℃,最适产孢温度30~35℃,致死温度75℃(10 min);适宜pH5~9,最适pH7,最适产孢pH4;连续光照、D-果糖为碳源、牛肉膏和蛋白胨为氮源时最有利于该菌菌丝生长;完全黑暗、D-半乳糖为碳源、尿素为氮源时最有利于该菌产孢。综合分析认为,该菌耐高温,光照充足、弱酸和富含有机营养的环境有利于该菌的生长和繁殖。     

10种杀细菌剂对火龙果细菌性茎腐病菌的毒力测定

采用抑菌圈法,对10种杀细菌剂在火龙果茎腐病病原上进行了毒力测定。结果表明：72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂、53.8%氢氧化铜水分散颗粒剂（杜邦TM）、45%代森铵水剂、47%春雷?王铜可湿性粉剂、50%福美双可湿性粉剂和3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂对火龙果茎腐病病原均有一定抑制效果。其中,45%代森铵水剂和50%福美双可湿性粉剂防治效果较好,抑制率分别达到78.88%和71.42%,其直线回归方程分别为y=2.380 2.477x,y=2.896 1.146x,EC50分别为0.4929,0.0240。72%农用硫酸链霉素可溶粉剂效果次之,抑制率达到66.67%,直线回归方程为y=1.020 1.040x,EC50值为2.5686。这3种药剂可作为火龙果茎腐病田间药效试验的首选药剂。     

不同花生品种经济用水指标研究

研究了水分对3个花生品种(鲁花11、鲁花14号、花育16号)农艺性状及耗水特点的影响，在此基础上对各水分处理的经济效益进行了综合评价。结果表明：花生的荚果产量均随土壤相对含水量的上升呈先升后降的趋势，其中鲁花11号和花育16号在土壤相对含水量70％时荚果产量最大，而鲁花14号的荚果产量在土壤相对含水量60％最大。耗水量与水分生产率呈负相关，鲁花11的抗旱性最强，鲁花14号次之，花育16号最差。就经济效益而言，鲁花14号在土壤相对含水量为60%时经济效益最佳，而鲁花11和花育16号均在土壤含水量为70％时最佳，因此鲁花11号和花育16号的高产高效适宜土壤相对含水量为70％，而鲁花14号的为60％左右。     

Influence of temperature on the fermentation of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) to produce a dawadawa-type product

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) was fermented to produce a dawadawa-type product using a starter culture of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from naturally fermenting bambara groundnut beans. Fermentation was carried out at 30 and 37 °C for four days and at 45 °C for two days. The pH of the substrate decreased after 24 hours and then rose at 30 and 37 °C but remained constant at 45 °C after the initial drop. Total titratable acidity of the fermenting beans mimicked the pH values. Proximate analyses for moisture, protein and fat of the cotyledons showed an increase in all three constituent at each of the three fermentation temperatures. At the end of fermentation, total available carbohydrate was 55%, 59% and 62% of the original value at 30, 37 and 45 °C, respectively. Fermentation of bambara groundnut at 45 °C for two days is recommended as the ideal fermentation temperature and time.     

火龙果茎腐病致病菌的鉴定

为弄清火龙果茎腐病的病原和分类地位,并进一步为该病害的有效防治提供理论依据。本研究从琼海、临高、陵水等地广泛采集病样。经田间症状调查、组织纯化培养、病原形态观察、致病力测定、真菌ITS序列和系统进化分析,鉴定了该病害的病原。结果表明:病原分离物具有典型的镰刀菌形态特征,菌丝浓密,产生紫色素,小型分生孢子新月形,大型分生孢子镰刀形,有多个隔;而在ITS序列分析中,代表菌株47A4和47A5与NCBI数据库中尖孢镰刀菌的多条ITS序列(登录号分别为KJ653447.1, DQ535184.1和KM268692.1)相似性达100%;系统进化树上,47A4和47A5与尖孢镰刀菌聚在同一分支上,遗传距离最近,而与非纯培养镰刀菌克隆3.91E在不同分支上,遗传距离远。结合形态特征、序列分析和系统进化分析,将火龙果茎腐病的病原鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。研究结果对火龙果茎腐病流行规律、致灾机理的研究具有重要的指导作用。     

Role of Testa, Cotyledons and Embryonic Axis in Seed Dormancy of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Experiments were carried out during winter–summer (January–June) season to understand the role of seed testa, cotyledons and embryonic axis in imparting dormancy of some groundnut cultivars belonging to different habit groups. Crop was harvested at four maturity stages; 90, 100, 110 and 121 days after emergence (DAE). After drying the pods in shade for 2 days, the germination of seeds with (GST) and without (GSW) testa in rolled germination towels and seeds, and embryonic axes (GEM) in culture media from individual plants of a cultivar was studied. Seed testa played an important role in imparting dormancy followed by the cotyledons, and embryonic axis. However, the nature of dormancy of embryonic axis appeared to be different from that of the testa and cotyledons. Results suggested that the dormancy in groundnut is regulated mainly by testa (a maternal tissue) in the Spanish type, but by cotyledons, and embryonic axis (both zygotic tissue) as well as testa in Virginia types. Thus the genetic control of seed dormancy in groundnut appears to be quantitative in nature.     

Diseases of Rubber and their Control

Abstract

Most of the major diseases of Hevea brasiliensis are of worldwide distribution (with the notable exception of South American leaf blight, against which strict quarantine regulations are enforced by rubber-growing countries outside the Americas to prevent the unauthorised import of Hevea) but their local severity and importance vary from one region to another. Root diseases are a serious problem nearly everywhere and regular rounds of inspection and treatment are essential while the trees are still young in order to prevent serious losses. The recently introduced prophylactic collar protectant dressings specific to each of the three main diseases are valuable aids to control.

Diseases of the tapping panel may prevent tapping or hinder bark regeneration; black stripe in particular (Phytophthora palmivora) can be very persistent and is often eradicated only by repeated therapeutic fungicidal treatment of the bark. Stem diseases, chiefly pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor), are important in certain areas in wet weather, and can lead to severe damage and even dieback in the absence of effective treatment.

Four major leaf diseases can have a debilitating effect on the tree. Abnormal leaf fall (Phytophthora spp.) is severe in India, causing the abscission of mature leaves during the monsoon rains; treatment necessitates the application of a pre-monsoon prophylactic copper spray. Secondary leaf fall, caused both by Oidium heveae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides which infect the flushes of new leaves produced after the annual leaf change (wintering), varies greatly in severity according to local weather and cultivar. It can be controlled by repeated rounds of an appropriate prophylactic fungicide or, under certain conditions, by artificially hastening the onset of wintering (and thus of refoliation) by removing the old leaves with a contact herbicide. By far the most important leaf disease is South American leaf blight (Microcyclus ulei); it is largely responsible for the lack of a vigorous rubber industry in South America, the home of the rubber tree. It can only be effectively countered by the use of resistant cultivars.

The economic importance of the above diseases is discussed and current control measures described.     

Morphological, cytological and disease resistance studies of the intersectional hybrid between Arachis hypogaea L. and A. glabrata Benth.

Arachis glabrata Benth, variety glabrata collector GK 10596 (PI276233; ICG 8176) belonging to section Rhizomatosae has resistance to rust, late leaf spot and viral diseases. A. hypogaea L. cv MK 374 (section Arachis) is susceptible to rust, late leaf spot and to the viral diseases peanut stripe, peanut mottle and peanut bud necrosis. Hybrids between A. hypogaea cv MK 374 and A. glabrata were produced after inter specific pollinations and embryo culture. The hybrids produced had morphological characters of both parents plus floral abnormalities not seen in either parent. It was possible to identify the hybrids by esterase isozyme analysis when still in culture. Cytological research showed variable chromosome association and also homeology between the genomes of A. hypogaea and A. glabrata. The hybrids inherited resistance to rust, late leaf spot, peanut bud necrosis and peanut stripe diseases from the pollen parent A. glabrata. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 2. The implications in interspecific breeding

Summary The existence of structural differentiation between genomes in section Arachis of the genus Arachis has important implications in the utilization of diploid wild species in this section as a germplasm resource. Maximum expression of desirable characters may not be achieved unless tetrasomic dose levels can be achieved. Possible breeding strategies discussed include natural and induced gene exchange between genomes and chromosome substitution which could be brought about by manipulation of ploidy level and where appropriate the use of ionizing radiation. Such strategies could be tested in the improvement of resistance to the Cercospora leafspots.Paper number 5561 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experimental Station, Raleigh, NC 27650.