Structural,rheological and gelatinization properties of wheat starch granules separated from different noodle-making process

In this study, three typical wheat cultivars (ZM366, AK58, and ZM103) with high, medium, and low gluten strength, respectively, were selected as the raw material. The starch granules separated from different stages of the noodle-making process, including kneading, resting, sheeting, cutting, and drying, were used to explore the structure, dynamic rheology, and quality of the noodles. The D50 (median diameter) of the starch granules decreased during the noodle-making process, and the reduction was enhanced by an increase in the gluten strength of the flour. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the solubility of ZM103 variety increased from 4.3% to 5.0% at 80 °C, while the peak viscosity decreased from 3626 to 3386 mPa s, which resulted in a decrease in the cooking loss of noodles. Similar trend was observed in the ZM366 and AK58 varieties. The gelatinization enthalpy was reduced, suggesting that the crystalline regions of the starch granules were destroyed during the kneading process. Between steps 4 and 5 of the noodle-making process, the elastic modulus of the starch granules significantly increased, while the temperature at which maximum elastic modulus was decreased, indicating an increase in the crystalline stability of starch during the drying process. Correlation analysis indicated that the changes occurred to the gelatinization property was primarily due to the change in the particle size.     

不同含水率高易溶盐含量的伊犁黄土流变特性

流变学研究方法可以揭示黏弹性物质的流动和变形规律,常被应用于土体结构的力学稳定性及长期变形参数研究。为了深入探究伊犁黄土类土的黏弹性和结构稳定性,该研究采用流变仪对不同含水率和易溶盐(Na₂SO₄)含量的伊犁黄土类土进行了稳态和动态流变试验,引入Bingham模型对小剪切速率下的流变曲线进行了拟合,并分析解释了稳态和动态流变试验的演化过程。同时,讨论了含水率及易溶盐含量对稳态和动态流变参数的影响规律,定量分析了流变参数与各变量之间的关系。结果表明：稳态剪切过程中土体由固态向类固态转化,并最后趋于流态,具有剪切变稀行为;随着含水率及易溶盐含量增大,屈服应力和黏度均减小,且屈服应力在300～1 100 Pa之间。随着含水率和易溶盐含量增大,动剪切强度参数和黏弹性参数均线性减小,土体的结构稳定性降低。当剪切应变小于0.1%时,土体处于线性黏弹区,损耗因子变化不大;剪切应变大于0.1%时,损耗因子逐渐增大。高含水率及高易溶盐含量的土壤最先到达屈服点,说明高含水率和高易溶盐含量不利于土体结构的稳定性。随着含水率的增大,易溶盐含量对流变参数的影响程度变小...     

基于本构模型的颗粒饲料成型特性研究

为研究饲料原料挤压成型特性,构建了非线性黏弹塑性颗粒饲料成型本构模型,针对主要饲料原料小麦,通过分析成型试验因素对其本构模型系数及其表征的流变学特性的影响,研究物料特性、加工参数等对小麦原料成型特性的影响规律,并分析了模型系数与颗粒成型质量的相关性关系。黏弹塑性本构模型由牛顿黏滞体(Newton viscous dashpot element)、应变硬化弹簧元件(strain hardening spring element)和库伦摩擦元件(Coulomb friction element)构成,基于小麦原料的实际成型试验完成模型构建;模型验证结果显示:数值结果中各应力区间模型决定系数R2在0.99以上,模型值与试验值较为吻合,相对误差总平均值为3.378%,并通过χ2检验进一步证明模型有效性;应用本构模型对小麦原料成型特性的分析结果显示,表征其流变学特性的模型系数表现出明显的应力函数规律,黏性系数绝对值随着挤压过程的进行逐渐减小,弹性模量值逐渐增大,集成塑性系数值则表现为先增后降,而各成型试验因素对模型系数产生了显著规律性影响,与宏观试验现象比较吻合;通过Pearson相关性分析可知颗粒成型密度、颗粒成型率、颗粒成型硬度等成型质量指标分别与黏性系数、塑性模量与弹性模量间达到了最高的相关系数,数值皆在0.80以上且为极显著相关性水平(P0.001),为基于本构模型对颗粒成型质量进行分析和控制提供依据。研究结果为颗粒饲料挤压成型特性研究提供了一种新方法和新角度,也为颗粒饲料的高效低耗生产和产品质量的改善提供基础数据和理论参考。     

A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Transgenic sorghum with suppressed synthesis of kafirin subclasses: Effects on flour and dough rheological characteristics

Arising from work showing that conventionally bred high protein digestibility sorghum types have improved flour and dough functionality, the flour and dough properties of transgenic biofortified sorghum lines with increased protein digestibility and high lysine content (TG-HD) resulting from suppressed synthesis of several kafirin subclasses, especially the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, were studied. TG-HD sorghums had higher flour water solubility at 30 °C (p < 0.05) and much higher paste viscosity (41% higher) than their null controls (NC). TG-HD doughs were twice as strong as their NC and dynamic rheological analysis indicated that the TG doughs were somewhat more elastic up to 90 °C. CLSM of doughs and pastes indicated that TG-HD had a less compact endosperm protein matrix surround the starch compared to their NC. The improved flour and dough functional properties of the TG-HD sorghums seem to be caused by reduced endosperm compactness resulting from suppression of synthesis of several kafirin subclasses which modifies protein body and protein matrix structure, and to improved protein-starch interaction through hydrogen bonding specifically caused by reduction in the level of the hydrophobic γ-kafirin. The improved flour functionality of these transgenic biofortified sorghums can increase their commercial utility by complementing their improved nutritional quality.     

A new lean no time test baking method with improved discriminating power

In response to customer concerns related to gluten strength in commercial baking, the Canadian Grain Commission assessed whether the Canadian Short Process (CSP) test bake method was generating useful data related to intrinsic strength of wheat varieties. Assessment of CSP loaf volume data for Canadian variety trials spanning 2003 to 2013 showed very little correlation with dough strength parameters as measured by farinograph and extensigraph. A lean no time (LNT) test baking method was developed that can better discriminate genotypes and provide objective indicators of the effect of intrinsic dough strength on baking quality. From early method development, through method validation and verification using diverse sets of samples targeting different Canadian wheat classes and grown in three different crop years, results showed the LNT method to be more discriminating and easily adopted by other laboratories. In 2015, the LNT method was adopted as the method of choice in future Canadian variety registration trials. The LNT method is fast, simple and well-suited to high throughput test baking conditions encountered in the evaluation of large numbers of breeder lines. A new objective parameter, loaf top ratio, was also introduced and found to correlate well with dough strength and dough handling properties.     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

国外农业生物材料研究中的力学试验

本文综述了近30年来国外农业生物材料研究中的力学试验及其主要成果,对农业现代化、农业机械设计、机械化收获、加工、运输、提高产量、评价农产品等方面均有意义。     

面团流变学特性分析方法比较及与烘烤品质的通径分析

选用27个筋力不同的小麦品种(系)为材料，研究了粉质仪、拉伸仪及揉混仪所获得的面团流变学特性指标间的相互关系，并通过逐步回归分析和通径分析，就11个面团流变学特性指标对面包加工品质影响力的大小及直接效应与间接效应进行研究。结果表明，3种不同测定方法的主要参数间存在极显著的相关性，其中粉质仪测定的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数，拉伸仪测定的拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比，揉混仪测定的和面时间和8min尾高各指标间均呈显著或极显著正相关。这些指标直接或间接的影响面包的加工品质，其中最主要的因素为面团稳定时间、最大拉伸阻力、和面时间及粉质质量指数。     

超声波一步法制备纤维素氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺溶液

运用超声波一步法制备了纤维素氯化锂/二甲基乙酰胺的离子溶液。通过调节超声波功率和处理时间,对纤维素、氯化锂和二甲基乙酰胺混合物超声波处理5~7 min,并于室温下搅拌3~5 h,即可获得纤维素均匀溶液;研究了超声波处理对纤维素分子及形态结构的影响,并对纤维素溶液的流变性能进行了考察。结果表明,超声波一步法具有工艺简单、易操作以及溶解时间短的特点,所得到的纤维素溶液具有高分子溶液的一般特征。