特种脱水蔬菜研究进展

综述了国内外特种脱水蔬菜的生产状况和趋势，特种脱水蔬菜的加工技术，特种脱水蔬菜生产成果及展望。     

白菜脱水应答转录因子BpDREB1基因的克隆及功能研究

DREB1/CBF类转录因子在植物抵抗外界胁迫上起重要作用,利用这些基因改良作物抗逆性具有重要意义。本研究在白菜中分离到一个DREB类转录因子基因BpDREB1 (EF219470)。该基因序列全长647 bp,推测编码蛋白含213个氨基酸,相对分子量为23 kD,理论等电点为5.11,与白菜中该类转录因子序列同源性为94%。进化树表明,BpDREB1属于DREB亚家族中A1亚族。基因的诱导表达模式分析显示,BpDREB1被低温强烈、迅速诱导表达,并对干旱胁迫也有一定程度的响应,但对高盐处理几乎没有响应。过表达BpDREB1的转基因拟南芥经低温诱导后,其体内可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量大幅度提高。以上结果显示BpDREB1转录因子基因具有家族成员基因结构的特征,在低温、干旱应答途径中起重要作用。     

魔芋试管微球茎成熟度对其储藏及萌发率的影响

种子在母体植株上的干燥过程是种子完成从发育到萌发的一个重要转换点。魔芋组织培养中诱导试管微球茎过程中，在色泽上有1个明显的变化过程。本实验将这个过程分为3个阶段，对不同采收时期的微球茎进行储藏及萌发研究，结果表明，不同采收期的微球茎，储藏后的萌发率具有较大的差异，而且这种差异与魔芋种具有较大的相关性，这种差异与其保水性能有关。同时对试管微球茎收获度对储藏后萌发率影响的机制进行了初步的探讨。     

Genetic variation in desiccation tolerance of Dendrobaena octaedra cocoons originating from different climatic regions

The aim of this study was to examine genetic variation in desiccation tolerance in cocoons of the parthenogenetically reproducing earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra by comparing populations originating from different geographic regions (Denmark, Norway and Finland), representing large differences in precipitation and temperature. In one experiment, the tolerance of the three populations to increasing desiccation stress in the range from 100 to 91.6% relative humidity (RH) was examined, aiming to represent ecologically relevant RH values. In a second experiment, the effect of cocoon size on desiccation tolerance was investigated at 92.3% RH in the same three populations. There were highly significant differences in desiccation tolerance between populations, indicating a high genetic differentiation of this trait in D. octaedra. Cocoons from Denmark were much more sensitive (71±14% mortality at 91.6% RH) than cocoons from Norway (21±4% mortality) and Finland (4±5% mortality). Cocoons of worms from Finland and Norway were significantly larger than cocoons produced by worms from Denmark suggesting that cocoons from Denmark lost water at a higher rate when subjected to low humidity. Assuming that slow dehydration is necessary for physiologically based protection mechanisms it may be expected that desiccation tolerance is positively correlated with cocoon size. However, within each of the populations cocoon fresh weight did not have any significant impact on desiccation tolerance. When all populations were pooled there was a significant positive effect of cocoon fresh weight on desiccation tolerance, explaining about 20% of the total variation (linear regression). It seems therefore that genetic variation of desiccation tolerance in D. octaedra cocoons is related to variation in both cocoon size and other, physiologically based tolerance mechanisms.     

大麦脱水可诱导启动子的克隆及其瞬间表达载体的构建

为进一步研究脱水可诱导启动子的结构和功能,并为开展禾谷类植物转基因研究选择启动子提供依据,用大麦品种撒哈拉幼苗提取的总DNA为模板,利用设计合成的引物对进行PCR定向扩增,获得了HVA1s、Dhn4s和Dhn8s启动子片段。通过分离、纯化、酶切和连接,把启动子片段分别插入到带有GFP和GUS报告基因的表达栽体质粒中。经测序确认,目标启动子片段与原报道的同源启动子序列一致性达95．3％以上。HVA1s、Dhn4s和Dhn8s启动子在构建的瞬间表达载体pHVA1sGFPG、pDhn4sGFPG、Dhn8sGFPG和pHVA1sGUSR、pDhn4sGUSR、pDhn8sGUSR中,都具有启动表达报告基因的能力,通过基因枪转化大麦幼苗可有效启动gfP和gus基因瞬间表达。     

Effect of Food Availability on the Physiological Responses to Water Deprivation in Ponies

Six ponies were deprived of drinking water and food and compared over 24 hours with nondeprived ponies, ponies deprived of water but with food available, and ponies deprived of food but with water available. When food was eaten during water deprivation, plasma osmolality rose 4% from 284 mOsm/kg to 295 mOsm/kg. During water and food deprivation, plasma osmolality failed to rise, even over 24 hours, and usually fell. Packed cell volume was higher when food but not water was available. Food and/or water deprivation had no significant effect on plasma protein concentration. When food was available, the ponies drank three times more water (13.1 ± 2.1 kg) than when water but not food was available (3.5 ± 1.4 kg). Blood volume changes were calculated from packed cell volume and plasma protein data, and it was found that blood volume did not change significantly with deprivation. Urine volume did not vary with deprivation, but free water clearance changed significantly, falling when food but not water was available. Under these conditions, blood volume is maintained, but the mechanisms are not clear. When deprived of both drinking water and food, ponies failed to develop the hyperosmolality expected under these conditions. Water deprivation while food is available is a more powerful challenge to water and electrolyte homeostasis than deprivation of both food and water.     

Current Knowledge of Pathologic Mechanisms and Derived Practical Applications to Prevent Metabolic Disturbances and Exhaustion in the Endurance Horse

Between 30% and 50% of the horses that start international endurance events, over distances of 100–160 km, are eliminated at the vet gates, although elimination rates vary in the different geographical areas and race categories. Elimination rates appear to have increased over recent years, which is a source of concern for the sport's ethics and image. Main reasons for elimination are lameness and metabolic disturbances, associated with dehydration and electrolyte disturbances, and with substrate depletion in active muscle fibers. Moreover, there are severe consequences of these metabolic derangements, including heat stroke, rhabdomyolysis, colic, kidney and liver insufficiency, laminitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The prevention starts with the selection of a fit, healthy horse, free of subclinical diseases. A proper training is one of the best and more secure ways to reduce the risk of these metabolic diseases. Considerations regarding the transport to the place of the event and acclimatization to the new environmental conditions (particularly if weather is hot and humid) should be taken into account. During competition, the control of fluid and electrolyte losses to avoid dehydration and heat accumulation, as well as the control of the substrate utilization to reduce muscle fibers depletion, are of pivotal importance. The management of race intensity is essential, and this can be done by obtaining the lactate aerobic threshold (lactate concentration of 2 mmol/L). Other strategies include ride management, according to the terrain and weather conditions, rider education to detect early signs of critical fatigue, and veterinary examinations.     

The effect of hydration status on the echocardiographic measurements of normal cats

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy of cats is based on 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. However, circulating fluid volume largely determines diastolic cardiac chamber dimensions, and reduced diastolic volume in other species results in what has been called "pseudohypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium." HYPOTHESIS: Altered hydration produces changes on 2D echocardiography that may confound the diagnosis or severity assessment of cardiomyopathy of cats. ANIMALS: Ten normal colony-sourced mixed breed cats were included. METHODS: Cats were examined by echocardiography at baseline and at completion of 3 protocols (volume depletion and maintenance-rate and anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration) applied in randomized crossover design with a 6-7 day washout period. RESULTS: Volume depletion increased diastolic left ventricular interventricular septal (IVSd) and free wall diameter (4.5 +/- 0.4 to 5.8 +/- 0.6 mm; P < .001) with wall thickness exceeding 6 mm in 4 cats. Diastolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDd) decreased, and reduction in systolic left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDs) produced end-systolic cavity obliteration in 7 cats. Left-atrial-to-aortic-root ratio (LA: Ao, 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 1.2 +/- 0.1, P < .05) and left atrial area in diastole (LAAd) decreased with volume depletion. Maintenance-rate IV fluid administration increased LAAd and fractional shortening (FS%). Anesthetic-rate IV fluid administration increased LVIDd, FS%, LAAd, and LA:Ao ratios (to 1.7 +/- 0.1, P < .01), producing an LA: Ao ratio above normal limits in 6 cats. A systolic heart murmur developed with administration of fluid at maintenance (n = 1) and anesthetic rates (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: Altered hydration status produces changes in the echocardiographic examination of normal cats that may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or mask its presence. Hydration status should be considered during echocardiographic examination in cats.     

反射光谱技术在监测大豆叶片光化学效率和水分状况中的应用

干旱胁迫在我国大豆主产区频繁发生,对大豆产量造成了严重影响。因此,为建立有效的旱情监测指标,采用反射光谱技术监测了野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片在失水过程中相对含水量和叶绿素荧光的变化。结果表明:在失水过程中,野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片的相对含水量(RWC)、水分指数(WI)、光化学反射指数(PRI)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ФPSII)都随失水时间的增加而降低,且WI、PRI、Fv/Fm和ФPSII均与RWC呈显著相关,PRI可以很好地反映Fv/Fm和ФPSII的变化。同时野生大豆和栽培大豆离体叶片在可见光波段(500~750 nm)的反射率随着失水时间的增加而升高,在近红外区(750~1 000 nm)的反射率则呈现"升高-降低-升高"的趋势。总之,利用反射光谱技术可以快速、准确地反映大豆叶片在失水过程中光化学效率和水分状况的变化。