浅谈排灌标准在市场与生产中的作用

为促进企业发展使之取得良好的经济效益，讨论了排灌机械行业贯彻与应用标准的情况，分析了标准的作用。自从我国加入世贸组织，国际贸易量日益增大，熟悉和掌握与之相关的标准，参与市场竞争更显得非常重要。指出了标准在市场与营销及生产中的制约作用和利害关系。     

The ecological sustainability of tropical forest management: evaluation of the national forest management standards of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with emphasis on the need for adaptive management

From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region.     

苎麻规范化栽培研究

研究了氮、磷、钾施用量及收获期、冬培期、有机氮施用比对苎麻产量及产量性状,品质的影响,建立了相应的实用数学模型,经模拟选优得出了长沙地区中等肥力水稻土苎麻优质高产低耗的栽培模式和技术规范,可作为反馈试验及大面积推广应用的基础。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性鉴定指标的探讨

连续3年用单花注滴法接种,考察了穗轴发病时间、病小穗数和穗轴病节片数3个抗性指标。结果表明,病小穗数这一指标能较明确地划分出高抗、中抗、感病3种类型,且稳定性最好。以病小穗数作为主要的抗病性鉴定指标,再参考穗轴病节片数,对小麦品种抗病性的评价及育种材料抗病性的鉴定较为准确、实用。     

农村股份合作制股份类型的划分标准研究

通过实际考察和对股份合作制正式制度供给的分析,指出存在两种股份类型的划分标准,并提出在农村股份合作制的正式制度供给中,采取明文规定两种划分标准的做法更为合理。     

A Comparison of Intensive Rice Production in Japan and Wheat Production in Europe: The Contribution of Minimum Tillage to Sustainability

Abstract

This review paper examines some of the issues concerned with sustainable production of two major cereal crops – wheat and rice. We compare the perceived threats to sustainability in intensive production of rice in Japan and wheat in Europe, and evaluate the contrasting experiences with minimum tillage as a possible technique for greater sustainability. The contrasts which are presented reveal how perceptions about environmental threats vary widely, and how social and economic factors, as well as purely environmental issues, greatly influence the conclusions reached about sustainability. Before drawing these comparisons, however, we present a brief outline of the two crop systems as practised in Japan and Europe, and describe the experiences in both regions of using minimum tillage.

The comparison presented has shown that there are no simple solutions to the problem of sustainability. Management techniques which work well in one situation, for example minimum tillage for wheat, may be inappropriate for another crop. Furthermore, the search for sustainability is strongly constrained by social and economic circumstances which ultimately determine which management options are viable. Indeed, although awareness of the need for more sustainable agricultural practices is growing, both in Japan and Europe, short-term economic considerations continue to be the dominant influence affecting agricultural practice in both regions.     

葡萄种质资源若干描述性状探讨

规范化的葡萄种质资源描述评价方法是提高资源利用效率和服务科研的工作基础。在参考国际经验的基础上,我国也出版了相应的葡萄种质资源描述规范和标准。然而在实际描述评价工作中,仍有一些难以判断的性状。对葡萄果穗、果粒形状、果粒颜色、果实香味、叶片上下裂片、裂刻数、副芽结实力、副梢结实力和果实可滴定酸含量测定等若干容易出现问题的性状作了进一步的解释。旨在使葡萄资源的描述评价更加标准化、规范化。     

我国茶叶标准现状 问题及对策

茶叶标准对于促进茶叶生产、规范茶叶市场、保护消费者权益、扩大茶叶出口等都具有重要意义。本文通过对国内茶叶标准现状的研究,探讨了我国茶叶标准建设存在的问题及对策。     

晚香玉切花评价标准的研究

针对天津名牌花卉晚香玉单瓣、重瓣2个品种进行观赏性状的观察和对比研究.利用生物统计和感官判断方法对其整体感、花形、花茎长、花序长、花朵对数等指标进行分析和评价.将两个品种晚香玉切花分别分成三个等级.并对三级分类的合理性进行了研究,确定了适宜天津市消费的晚香玉鲜切花级别.     

Developing Monitoring Programs for Livestock Producers

Many official monitoring programs have been developed, but few have been adopted by livestock producers. While these programs have relatively strong support from professionally trained managers, even their implementation is not consistent. New programs must address several important factors if they are going to be used. They must be used to help producers and managers make current decisions relating to their objectives and those broader resource objectives of society. Producers must understand how these broader objectives relate to their specific livestock objectives. These monitoring programs must help make proactive decisions, and be cost effective. Finally attempts must be made to make them flexible to deal with changing objectives that happen over time.