不同采收期咖啡果实物理性状比较

以潞江坝的Catimor系列品种咖啡鲜果为材料,研究不同采收期对咖啡果实物理性状的影响。结果表明,不同成熟期果实的物理性状差异为极显著,其中,早期和晚期成熟的咖啡鲜果和咖啡豆颗粒较小,物理性状较差,而中期成熟的咖啡鲜果和咖啡豆颗粒较大,物理性状较好。     

Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients

In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 m as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.     

咖啡豆象对新寄主麻疯树的危害

[目的]咖啡豆象是世界性仓储害虫,主要分布于热带亚热带地区,与重要能源植物麻疯树的生态区重叠,有必要调查其对麻疯树的危害性。[方法]以贵州罗甸种植区为调查点,对野外麻疯树林分及室内果实储藏物进行调查,掌握害虫发生情况及其为害后果,并对其分类地位进行确定。[结果]咖啡豆象在罗甸麻疯树种植区普遍分布,室内及林间均见其发生为害;成虫取食真菌,对麻疯树果实的直接为害性很小,但成虫将卵产于果皮内,幼虫在其中孵化并取食,最终可将果皮蛀空,从而对果实造成直接为害;另外,咖啡豆象还可能具有一系列的潜在危害性,包括直接蛀食种子、传播病原物、威胁产区其他经济作物等。[结论]麻疯树是咖啡豆象的新寄主,咖啡豆象对其有一定的危害性,对其产品、其他经济作物有潜在的危害性,应加强对咖啡豆象的研究和防控力度。     

Effects of shade,altitude and management on multiple ecosystem services in coffee agroecosystems

Agroforestry systems provide diverse ecosystem services that contribute to farmer livelihoods and the conservation of natural resources. Despite these known benefits, there is still limited understanding on how shade trees affect the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time and the potential trade-offs or synergies among them. To fill this knowledge gap, we quantified four major ecosystem services (regulation of pests and diseases; provisioning of agroforestry products; maintenance of soil fertility; and carbon sequestration) in 69 coffee agroecosystems belonging to smallholder farmers under a range of altitudes (as representative of environmental conditions) and management conditions, in the region of Turrialba, Costa Rica. We first analyzed the individual effects of altitude, types of shade and management intensity and their interactions on the provision of ecosystem services. In order to identify potential trade-offs and synergies, we then analyzed bivariate relationships between different ecosystem services, and between individual ecosystem services and plant biodiversity. We also explored which types of shade provided better levels of ecosystem services. The effectiveness of different types of shade in providing ecosystem services depended on their interactions with altitude and coffee management, with different ecosystem services responding differently to these factors. No trade-offs were found among the different ecosystem services studied or between ecosystem services and biodiversity, suggesting that it is possible to increase the provision of multiple ecosystem services at the same time. Overall, both low and highly diversified coffee agroforestry systems had better ability to provide ecosystem services than coffee monocultures in full sun. Based on our findings, we suggest that coffee agroforestry systems should be designed with diversified, productive shade canopies and managed with a medium intensity of cropping practices, with the aim of ensuring the continued provision of multiple ecosystem services.     

云南景颇弄贤咖啡早期引种史考 中国咖啡早期引种扩种历史考证系列文章（Ⅰ）

通过查阅史料及实地深入调查,证实云南瑞丽景颇族早期引种咖啡的年代应锁定在1893年,与景颇族开始有文字的历史同步,景颇族引种咖啡和景颇文（即缅甸克钦文）的创制同是外国传教的产物。     

Shade coffee in Hawai‘i – Exploring some aspects of quality,growth, yield,and nutrition

In a harsh (Kunia) and an ideal (Kona) growing region of Hawai‘i, sun grown Coffea arabica L. was compared to coffee shaded with varying degrees of black and aluminized shade cloth, macadamia trees, and a novel, spray-on shade composed mostly of kaolin. Shading did not appreciably affect organoleptic quality. Shading resulted in statistically different yields in the macadamia (16% of sun) and kaolin (199% of sun) treatments in the second year compared to full sun treatments in their respective locations, although a negative, linear trend was observed with increased shading. The lack of significant differences in yields between the shade cloth and sun treatments was likely a result of large yield variation among replicates. Bean sizes differed little between shade treatments and the percentage of defects and broken beans were generally not significantly different among the treatments in Kunia. Kona bean sizes and characteristics were not different. Shading reduced surface leaf temperatures and increased specific leaf area but generally did not affect lateral nodal growth. Leaf nutrient concentration differed between treatments.     

Bat diversity in montane rainforest and shaded coffee under different management regimes in southeastern Chiapas, Mexico

Differences in alpha and beta bat diversity among montane rainforest and five shaded coffee plantations under different management regimes, as well as some environmental factors and vegetation parameters influencing bat richness, were evaluated for the first time in southeastern Chiapas, Mexico. In each site, bats were captured every 2 months from March 2004 to July 2005, with six mist-nets, during two nights, using the capture-recapture method. We captured 2970 individuals of 43 bat species. Montane rainforest had the greatest alpha diversity (H′ = 2.681; n = 37), whereas alpha diversity was similar among coffee plantations (H′ = 2.229-2.364; n = 23-26). The number of frugivorous and nectarivorous species was similar among the sites; the greatest exchange in species composition (beta diversity) occurred for insectivorous bats, which reduce their number in coffee plantations as pesticides are incorporated. Bat richness species was significantly related to the number of vegetation strata, height, and cover of trees. We suggest that coffee plantations could act as corridors, facilitating connection among different elements of the landscape in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas for some frugivorous and nectarivorous bats.     

前处理对咖啡中咖啡因高效液相色谱检测的影响

[目的]分析比较几种不同的前处理方法对咖啡因含量检测的影响,筛选较优的咖啡因提取方法。[方法]以国标水提取方法为对照,研究乙醇提取、氯仿提取、超声提取和微波提取对咖啡因含量检测的影响,并对较优的提取方法进一步优化。[结果]与国标水提取方法相比,超声提取方法准确度更高,相对误差更小。进一步对超声提取的前处理时间进行优化发现:超声处理45 min以上的咖啡因提取效率与国标方法相比,没有显著差异。[结论]综合考虑咖啡因提取效率及处理时间,确定超声提取45 min为该试验最优的咖啡因提取前处理方法,该方法操作更简单、耗时更少、精密度更高。     

酶促发酵在咖啡初加工过程中的应用研究

[目的]针对咖啡在初加工环节中存在的常规发酵脱胶费时、费力、费水和产品批次间质量不一,机械脱胶又存在破损率高等问题,为云南咖啡初加工寻找一种高效、快捷、稳定的加工方法。[方法]以云南种植的咖啡品种卡蒂姆为原材料,利用诺维信公司生产的Pectinex Ultra SP-L咖啡果胶酶,进行了脱皮、脱胶对比,研究咖啡酶对咖啡鲜果脱皮脱胶的影响。[结果]试验表明,该酶能软化咖啡鲜果皮,使机械去皮效率提高3~4个百分点,酶能大大缩短脱胶时间、节省用水,根据用酶量的不同,甚至有可能使脱胶在2 h内彻底完成,而且不会造成任何破损,解决了普通加工和机械加工2种方法中存在的难题。[结论]通过对比研究,发现Pectinex Ultra SP-L咖啡果胶酶能软化咖啡鲜果皮,同时能加速果胶的分解,大大提升了果皮和果胶的脱净率。