宽带网络技术——ADSL

ADSL，即非对称数字用户线路，是xDSL（DSL的统称）技术中最成熟的一种。对ADSL做了如下几方面的简单阐述：ADSL技术及特点、工作原理及标准、ADSL的应用和商业发展及未来、ADSL与传统MODEM、ISDN、DDN、CABLE MODEM的区别。     

A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

Carbon storage by urban tree cultivars, in roots and above-ground

Urban trees can favorably affect factors underlying global warming by storing carbon and by reducing energy needs for cooling and heating buildings. To estimate carbon stored in roots and above-ground portions of trees, data was collected consisting of whole tree sampling of Amelanchier, Malus, Pyrus, and Syringa cultivars. Roots were excavated using an Air-Spade^™. Regression analysis resulted in two equations for predicting total carbon storage based on height and diameter of trees up to 20 cm dbh: Y = 0.05836 (dbh²) for root carbon storage, and Y = 0.0305 (dbh² × h)^0.9499 for above-ground carbon storage, explaining 97% and 96% of the variation, respectively. Average carbon stored in roots of various cultivars ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 kg for smaller trees, those 3.8 to 6.4 cm dbh, to more than 10.4 kg for trees 14.0 cm to 19.7 cm dbh. Average total carbon stored by cultivars ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 kg for trees less than 6.4 cm dbh to 54.5 kg for trees larger than 14.0 cm. The data from these equations apply mainly to trees in nurseries and recently transplanted trees. Comparisons showed that above-ground estimates from previous studies using a sampling technique overestimated values obtained from actual above-ground weights.     

全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北河流径流泥沙的影响研究

以秦岭南侧汉江和北侧渭河多年的径流泥沙观测资料，分析了全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北径流泥沙的变化。分析指出在80年代后，由于全球气候变化的影响，秦岭南北河流年均径流量均减少，与1935－1980年相比，汉江河流年均径流量减少1.9%，渭河河流年均径流量减少27.4%；同时汉江河流泥沙含量明显减少，但渭河河流泥沙含量呈增加趋势，是汉江河流泥沙含量133倍，表明了秦岭南北两侧在全球气候暖干化表现出明显的区域响应性。     

Seismic Behavior of Asymmetric Building under Pushover Analysis

Pushover analysis is a tool to study the inelastic behavior of structures under strong seismic action. The 3D-pushover analysis was performed to analyze the inelastic lateral-torsional coupled response of multistory asymmetric structures. The symmetric frame and frame-wall systems were studied in this paper, and the capability curve of the top displacement and base shear,the story drift and the position of rotation center were compared with reference to corresponding symmetric structures. The characters of inelastic response of multistory asymmetric structures were found. The conclusion provides reference for performance-based seismic design of asymmetric structures.     

网吧火灾自动报警系统的上位机软件设计

介绍了一个采用VisualBasic6．0编写的、在网吧中实现自动报警系统的上位机软件。系统经过了测试和实际运行，工作稳定可靠，可以实现自动报警功能，具有较高的应用和推广价值。     

气候变暖对临汾合欢物候期的影响

为揭示气候变暖对黄土高原城市典型木本植物物候的影响,以临汾合欢为研究对象,采用线性回归、小波分析、相关分析等方法,分析探讨气温、积温等气候因子对临汾合欢各物候期的影响。结果表明,由于气候变暖,临汾年平均气温呈上升趋势,1983—2021年上升了2.9℃;年降水量存在6年和15年2个周期。临汾合欢春季物候期提前,秋季物候期变化趋势不明显,生长季延长。气温和积温对合欢展叶始期和开花始期表现为极显著相关,对果实成熟期表现为显著相关。叶变色始期、落叶末期对气象条件反应不敏感,主要受果实成熟期的出现日期影响。     

转Bt基因棉田棉铃虫对气候变暖与集约化种植的不对称响应

为明确全球气候变暖及农业集约化对转Bt基因棉田棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera种群发生的影响,通过收集1987—2017年我国山东、河南及河北3省的棉花种植面积、棉铃虫发生面积及年平均温度,采用单因素方差分析法及广义线性模型分析比较转Bt基因棉花推广前后棉田棉铃虫种群的发生程度,分析棉铃虫的为害指数。结果显示,转Bt基因棉花推广前,山东、河南和河北3省的棉铃虫在严重发生年份的为害指数较轻微发生年份均显著增加,分别增加了1.01倍、2.03倍和69.33%;温度距平具有同样的趋势,严重发生年份的温度距平较轻微发生年份分别显著增加了1.91倍、2.33倍和2.29倍。转Bt基因棉花推广后,山东、河南和河北3省的棉铃虫在严重发生年份的为害指数较轻微发生年份仍显著增加,分别增加了1.47倍、1.92倍和1.25倍;温度距平表现出相反的趋势,轻微发生年份的温度距平较严重发生年份分别增加了2.00倍、1.94倍和2.01倍;而河南省和河北省在棉铃虫严重发生年份的棉花种植面积较轻微发生年份分别显著增加了75.94%及38.92%。表明转Bt基因棉花种植后显著改变了棉铃虫对全球气候变暖的响应,气候变暖降低了棉铃虫的为害指数,而棉花集约化种植增加了棉铃虫的为害指数。非转基因棉田的棉铃虫受自然因素的影响,转Bt基因棉田的棉铃虫受自然及人为因素的双重影响。     

旱作覆膜玉米生长和水分利用对气候变化的响应

基于3 a连续冬小麦-夏玉米覆膜轮作试验校准和验证AquaCrop模型的适用性,模拟研究了气候变化对夏玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响,分析了覆膜措施对气候变化的应对效果。结果表明:关中地区(以武功、宝鸡和西安地区为例)年平均温度呈逐年递增趋势,温度增加幅度由高到低依次为宝鸡、西安和武功,增温速率分别为0.20、0.12℃·10a~(-1)和0.09℃·10a~(-1);降雨量呈逐年递减趋势,减少幅度大小依次为西安、宝鸡和武功,减小量分别为3.59、3.23 mm·10a~(-1)和2.64 mm·10a~(-1)。AquaCrop模型在关中地区表现出了良好的适用性,可以较好地模拟连续覆膜条件下作物的产量指标、水分利用和生长的动态变化,冠层覆盖度模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)介于1.1%～15.3%,生物量模拟值和实测值之间的RMSE介于0.626～2.540 t·hm~(-2),土壤贮水量模拟值和实测值之间的RMSE介于12.6～47.4 mm。模拟研究表明,上世纪60年代以来,随着气温不断升高,武功、宝鸡和西安地区的夏玉米生育期均呈逐年缩短趋势,特别是1980s以来,减少幅度达2.76、4.82 d·10a~(-1)和5.94 d·10a~(-1);在不同的降水年型下,覆膜处理产量均高于裸地处理,且其变异系数较小;在干旱气候条件下,覆膜处理依然可以获得一定的籽粒产量,与裸地处理相比,覆膜处理表现出了较好的稳产效应。同时,覆膜处理有效减少了玉米苗期土壤表层蒸发(平均减少7.6 mm),从而在土壤中保蓄更多的降雨;覆膜处理虽然增加了土壤耗水量,但其通过保蓄土壤水分,稳定作物产量,有效提高了玉米的水分利用效率。因此,关中地区旱作覆膜可以有效适应当地气候变化,在一定程度上应对干旱气候,具有较好的增产稳产效应。