春季低温对小麦颖果发育的影响

为了探明春季低温（倒春寒）导致小麦减产的细胞学机理,以扬麦15为材料,在小麦幼穗处于雌雄蕊分化期至药隔期之间时,设置-3 ℃低温处理,通过树脂半薄切片对颖果不同发育时期的形态结构进行观察。结果表明：（1）在颖果发育早期,低温促进了颖果的长度生长,抑制了宽度生长;与对照相比,低温处理组小麦颖果发育进程缩短;（2）低温处理组颖果果皮发育早,中果皮降解速度快;（3）低温处理增加了胚乳淀粉体的积累量,降低了蛋白体的积累量,发育后期胚乳充实度显著低于对照组;（4）与对照相比,低温处理后颖果韧皮部面积和珠心突起传递细胞面积增大。以上结果表明,春季低温处理更有利于养分运输组织的发育,使得灌浆时间缩短,最终导致淀粉积累量增加及颖果早熟。     

高粱胚乳淀粉体发育研究

[目的]研究高粱胚乳细胞中淀粉体的发育情况。[方法]采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜相结合的技术观察高粱胚乳细胞。[结果]发育前期,高粱胚乳中的淀粉体主要由前质体发育形成,此时主要为单粒淀粉,少部分为复粒淀粉。发育中后期胚乳细胞中1个或多个淀粉体发生中心出现,淀粉体发生中心处有许多质体,质体以先形成环状膜结构、后积累淀粉的方式形成淀粉体,此时胚乳细胞中的淀粉主要为单粒淀粉和半复粒淀粉,也有少部分为复粒淀粉。[结论]该研究为高粱胚乳淀粉体的发生和发育方式的多样性提供了理论依据。     

结实期低温对杂交水稻胚乳结构的影响

以两系和三系杂交稻组合两优培九、103S/郑粳2号、丰优香占和汕优63为材料，分别于花后0~10 d、11~20 d和21~30 d 3个时期设18℃的低温处理，以常温（24～27℃）为对照，用扫描电镜观察了胚乳结构形成过程。结果表明，灌浆期不同时段的低温处理，对籽粒的粒型、垩白面积、胚乳结构三者的影响趋势基本一致，使籽粒外形异常，垩白面积提高；复粒和单粒淀粉体的体积变小且彼此差异变大，排列变疏松；复粒淀粉体变少，单粒淀粉体变多。低温处理愈早，对胚乳结构的影响愈大。灌浆前期进行低温处理、以后在正常温度下灌浆成熟的籽粒，其强势粒的粒型、垩白面积、胚乳结构均无明显改变，但弱势粒的变化较大。     

银杏种实生长发育过程中胚乳淀粉体发育观察

对银杏胚乳发育过程进行连续2年的观察结果表明:1)发育成熟的银杏胚乳包括糊粉层与内胚乳2个部分,淀粉体主要积累在内胚乳细胞中,均为单粒淀粉,发育成熟的淀粉体可分为大粒和小粒2种;2)根据淀粉体的形状、大小和发育程度大致可分为淀粉体发生期、淀粉体体积与数量快速增长期、淀粉体发育成熟期3个时期;3)胚乳淀粉体的发生时期及充实部位表现出很大差异,合点端胚乳细胞中的淀粉体发生早,充实快,而珠孔端胚乳细胞中的淀粉体发生迟,充实速度慢;内胚乳外围细胞中淀粉体的充实要高于内部;颈卵器周围的胚乳细胞淀粉体的充实差。     

孕穗期施氮对小麦胚乳发育的影响

为了从胚乳发育角度研究施氮对小麦品质的影响,以扬麦9号为材料,利用扫描和透射电子显微镜等研究了孕穗期施氮对小麦胚乳细胞游离核分裂周期、细胞数目的增殖、细胞体积的扩大、糊粉层结构及淀粉体和蛋白质体发育的影响.结果表明:(1)胚乳细胞增殖呈"S"型曲线变化,增施孕穗氮肥有利于增加胚乳细胞数目,提高粒重;(2)孕穗期施氮能显著缩短胚乳游离核的分裂周期,促进细胞长和宽的扩大.花后18 d小麦胚乳细胞分裂基本停止,其数目不再增加,以后主要进行细胞体积的扩大;(3)孕穗期施氮可使胚乳糊粉层细胞质变浓,细胞壁增厚,染色性增强;(4)孕穗期施氮可促进胚乳细胞中大淀粉体的形成,有利于大淀粉体和蛋白质体数目增多,蛋白质被染色更浓;(5)孕穗期施氮可减少最终籽粒小淀粉体的数目,提高淀粉体和蛋白质体的充实程度.     

强、中、弱筋小麦籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质积累和淀粉体发育的比较

以强、中、弱筋小麦品种烟农19、扬麦16和宁麦13为试验材料,研究了籽粒中淀粉和蛋白质积累动态及差异,比较了三者胚乳细胞中淀粉体发育的异同。结果表明,小麦成熟籽粒中总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量由高到低依次为宁麦13、扬麦16、烟农19。蛋白质含量积累变化“V”形曲线,表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在籽粒发育过程中,胚乳中大、小淀粉体的发生具有严格的时序性,发育前期大淀粉体比例高,后期小淀粉体比例高。3种类型小麦相比,细胞中大淀粉体数目由多到少依次为烟农19、扬麦16、宁麦13,而小淀粉体数目的排序恰好相反。总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量均呈“S”型曲线变化,积累速率呈抛物曲线变化,积累量和积累速率表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在成熟胚乳细胞中烟农19大淀粉体多,小淀粉体少,且结合紧密,而宁麦13大淀粉体少,小淀粉体多,胚乳结构疏松。扬麦16结构介于两者之间。     

Dynamics of Amyloplast Sedimentation in Growing Yam Tubers and Its Possible Role in Graviperception

The mechanism of gravitropism in yam tubers was investigated using two cultivars of Chinese yam, cv. Nagaimo which elongates to form a long tuber, and cv. Genkotsujirou which elongates in the initial stage and then spherically thickens. In both cultivars, many amyloplasts were locally formed and settled down vertically in each cell at the part beneath the stele of the elongating tuber. In contrast, amyloplasts in the stele in the apical part of the elongating tuber in these cultivars were smaller in number and size than those in the part beneath the stele and did not settle down vertically. In the thickening tuber of Genkotsujirou, the number of amyloplasts decreased and they did not settled down vertically in the part beneath the stele. In Nagaimo tuber tilted on an inclined plate, amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele in apical part of tuber also settled in the direction of gravity. Tubers elongated vertically as soon as they passed through the inclined plate. In such tubers, amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele were vertically settled down. These results indicated that amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele would play a role as statoliths for the perception of gravity. Crystal cells and tannin cells dispersed in the part beneath the stele of tuber as in the cortex surrounding the stele. The result indicated that the part beneath the stele is a part of cortex. Therefore, the cortex in the apical part of tuber was presumably important as the site of gravity perception.     

豌豆根瘤侵染细胞发育中造粉体的研究

透射电镜研究表明,在豌豆根瘤侵染细胞发育过程中,造粉体的形态结构处在变化之中.在发育早期,造粉体较多,分布在细胞壁附近.它的基质很少,多含有呈长梭形的、电子密度非常低的淀粉粒,并有一些电子密度较高的条带结构.随着细胞的发育,造粉体逐渐移至胞间隙周围,不断变小,切面近似椭圆形或圆形.进一步发育时,造粉体中的淀粉粒越     

强、中、弱筋小麦籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质积累和淀粉体发育的比较

以强、中、弱筋小麦品种烟农19、扬麦16和宁麦13为试验材料,研究了籽粒中淀粉和蛋白质积累动态及差异,比较了三者胚乳细胞中淀粉体发育的异同。结果表明,小麦成熟籽粒中总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉含量由高到低依次为宁麦13、扬麦16、烟农19。蛋白质含量积累变化“V”形曲线,表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在籽粒发育过程中,胚乳中大、小淀粉体的发生具有严格的时序性,发育前期大淀粉体比例高,后期小淀粉体比例高。3种类型小麦相比,细胞中大淀粉体数目由多到少依次为烟农19、扬麦16、宁麦13,而小淀粉体数目的排序恰好相反。总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量均呈“S”型曲线变化,积累速率呈抛物曲线变化,积累量和积累速率表现为烟农19>扬麦16>宁麦13。在成熟胚乳细胞中烟农19大淀粉体多,小淀粉体少,且结合紧密,而宁麦13大淀粉体少,小淀粉体多,胚乳结构疏松。扬麦16结构介于两者之间。     

Morphological Studies on the Mobilization of Reserves in Japanese Yam (Dioscorea japonica Thunb.) Seed Tuber and Eddo (Colocasia esculenta Schott var. antiquorum Hubbard & Rehder) Seed Corm on and after Sprouting

Abstract

We examined the mechanism of reserve mobilization in Japanese yam seed tubers and eddo seed corms on and after sprouting. The decomposition of starch in pith parenchyma cells of Japanese yam tubers and eddo corms progressed from the region distant from vascular bundles to that adjacent to vascular bundles. In eddo corms, the starch also decomposed from the proximal to the distal region adjacent to the sprout or regenerate plant body. In the yam tubers, the decomposition process was similar in the proximal, middle and distal regions. The first step in the reserve mobilization in pith parenchyma cells was the decomposition of the amyloplast envelope. Subsequently, starch granules decomposed. In Japanese yam tubers, the envelope and starch granules started to decompose from the peripheral regions of the amyloplasts. The observation of soluble polysaccharides, which was the decomposition product of starch granules, was made possible by the quick freezing-vacuum freeze-drying method. By this method, we demonstrated that the soluble polysaccharides in the parenchyma cells decomposed and decreased in density. In addition, the mucilage in the mucilage duct started to decompose and decreased in density from the proximal to the distal part of the corm and also from the periphery to the center of the duct. It was shown that not only starch mobilization but also mucilage mobilization mainly supported sprouting and the growth of the regenerate plant body during about the first half of the vegetative stage.