野牛草种子休眠机理初探

以野牛草为试材，在颖苞解剖结构观察以及吸胀测定的基础上进行了剥除颖苞后的０．２％ＫＮＯ３低温预处理和ＧＡ３、乙烯利两种激素前处理。前处理后在８０℃恒温和３０～１０℃变温条件下测定种子发芽率及淀粉酶活性。结果表明，野牛草种子是综合休眠型；聚合颖苞的吸水通常在置床后７２小时只能达到颖果干重的２６％，而剥去颖苞的颖果在置床后３４小时吸水量可达该种子萌发水分含量的下限即４０％；连种单位中的颖果之间没有相互抑制作用，各自的休眠与萌发是独立的。在０．２％ＫＮＯ３溶液中预冷一周，然后在１０～３０℃变温条件下萌发，其发芽率可达８５％。１５０ｍｐ／Ｌ的ＧＡ３外源激素处理可以代替ＫＮＯ３冷冻预处理。种子萌发过程中β－淀粉酶与α－淀粉酶有协同作用。     

Evaluation of heat damage, sugars, amylases and colour in breads from einkorn, durum and bread wheat flours

To limit nutritional losses and optimise bread processing, heat damage indices (furosine, glucosylisomaltol, hydroxymethylfurfural), sugars, α-amylase, β-amylase and colour were monitored during bread manufacturing from refined flour of three einkorn, three bread and one durum wheat samples. The heat damage indices increased only during the baking step. Furosine was significantly lower in einkorn (on average, 9.3 ± 5.33 and 25.3 ± 10.70 mg/100 g protein in crumb and crust, respectively) than in bread wheat (31.6 ± 3.05 and 115.6 ± 13.53) and durum wheat (36.2 ± 2.82 and 165.0 ± 3.17). Glucosylisomaltol and hydroxymethylfurfural were detected only in the crust, with lower levels in einkorn (on average, 2.3 ± 1.78 and 10.0 ± 7.79 mg/kg DM, respectively) than in bread wheat (13.1 ± 5.57 and 42.8 ± 10.64) and durum wheat (18.9 ± 1.11 and 57.2 ± 0.80). The different behaviour of einkorn was probably related to its moderate β-amylase activity, and thus the low maltose content of its dough. Colour was correlated with heat damage, as einkorn breads were lighter than the others.The results show that einkorn bread undergoes lower heat damage than analogous products from durum and bread wheat, thus probably better preserving its nutritional value.     

Influence of selenium on carbohydrate accumulation in developing wheat grains

The present investigation reports the effects of different doses of sodium selenate and sodium selenite on its uptake, carbohydrate composition, and sucrose and starch metabolizing enzymes in flag leaf and developing grains of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Selenium (Se) concentration increased significantly in leaves and developing grains of Se-treated plants compared to control at different intervals post-anthesis. Total soluble sugars and sucrose concentrations in developing grains increased due to various Se treatments. Different selenite treatments increased sucrose synthase activity from 10 to 20 days post-anthesis and increased starch accumulation compared to control plants. Lower starch accumulation in selenate than control and selenite treatments was observed. The activities of α, β and total amylase, invertase and sucrose synthase increased whereas sucrose phosphate synthase declined. Results indicated that Se accumulation causes disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism that is dependent on Se concentration, form and the development stage of the plant.     

植株叶片蔗糖、淀粉积累与其降解酶活性关系研究

不同植物功能叶片淀粉、蔗糖积累及酸性转化酶、淀粉酶活性均存在显著差异。依叶片蔗糖与淀粉积累量比值可大体将测定的28种植物划分为以积累淀粉为主的粉叶植物，以积累蔗糖为主的糖叶植物和介于两者之间的中间类型植物。三类植物功能叶片淀粉积累量与淀粉降解酶活性均无显著相关，但糖叶及粉叶植物叶片蔗糖积累量与酸性转化