Detecting interactive effects of N fertilization and heat stress on maize productivity by remote sensing techniques

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two different remotely sensed techniques in detecting the effects of terminal heat stress and N fertilization on final maize aerial biomass (AB) and grain yield (GY). The study was conducted under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Six N treatments combining three doses [0, 100, 200 Kg N ha⁻¹] and two timings [at V4 and at 15 days before silking] were applied. Within each N treatment three heat treatments were applied (pre-flowering, post-flowering and the control treatment at ambient air temperature). Remote sensing measurements were taken with a multispectral band camera to measure the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and a digital Red/Green/Blue (RGB) camera to measure the normalized green red difference index (NGRDI). Both indices failed to predict the GY of pre-flowering heat-treated plants due to grain set establishment problems that could not be detected by vegetation indices which are designed to capture differences in green canopy area. In contrast, both the NGRDI and the NDVI correlated positively with GY and AB in the control heat treatment and to a lesser extent in the post-flowering heat treatment. Under the control heat treatment, the NGRDI exhibited higher correlations with AB and GY than the NDVI across the N fertilization treatments. Since the NGRDI is formulated based only on the reflectance in the visible regions (VIS) of the spectrum (Green and Red) without dependence on the near infrared regions (NIR), it performs better than the NDVI. This is because it overcame the reported saturation patterns at high leaf area index and was more efficient at capturing even small differences in leaf colour (chlorophyll content) due to the different applied N treatments. Also, the NGRDI seemed to be a more seasonally independent parameter than the NDVI, which is more affected by temporal variability within the field, and thus the NGRDI predicted AB and GY better than the NDVI when combining the data of the two growing seasons.     

琥珀酸黄杆菌促生机理及其对多年生黑麦草生长和抗逆性的生理调控作用

为探究琥珀酸黄杆菌（Flavobacterium succinicans）对非生物胁迫下多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）的缓解效应,本试验研究了菌株DSM4002的生物学特性,并在盆栽条件下,分析了干旱（维持相对含水量（30±5）%处理7 d和14 d）、低温（4℃处理3 d和7 d）和盐胁迫（150 mM NaCl处理5 d和10 d）下根际接种DSM4002对多年生黑麦草生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,DSM4002具有分泌吲哚乙酸（Indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）、溶磷和产铁载体能力,对壮观霉素、卡那霉素等具有抗性,对氯霉素敏感。同时,接种DSM4002能够提高正常生长、干旱、低温和盐胁迫下多年生黑麦草的生物量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,降低相对电导率和丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量。综上,琥珀酸黄杆菌促进多年生黑麦草的生长与其自身具有分泌IAA、溶磷和产铁载体能力有关,而且它能够调节植物体内氧化还原平衡,从而增强多年生黑麦草的抗旱、抗寒和抗盐能力。     

陆地棉SRO基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

SRO是植物特有的类RCD-ONE蛋白家族,在植物抵御各种生物和非生物胁迫过程中具有重要的作用。本研究利用生物信息学方法从陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1(Gossypium hirsutum L.acc.TM-1)基因组中鉴定到12个SRO基因家族成员。多重序列比对及进化树分析表明,12个陆地棉SRO均含有PARP和RST结构域,聚为3类,即A、B和C亚家族。转录组数据分析表明,TM-1全基因组中的Gh_D12G1442在茎中优势表达,Gh_D05G2064在萼片和雄蕊中优势表达;Gh_A05G3788在雄蕊中优势表达,Gh_A12G1318在雄蕊和纤维中优势表达;Gh_A12G2480、Gh_D12G2608、Gh_A05G2257和Gh_D05G2516在纤维中优势表达;Gh_A08G1390、Gh_D08G1685、Gh_A12G2663和Gh_D12G2054具有较为广泛的组织表达。逆境胁迫处理试验表明,Gh_A08G1390明显受冷处理和盐处理的诱导,Gh_D12G2054、Gh_D08G1685、Gh_A12G2663基因在不同的胁迫处理下受到不同程度的诱导。     

拟南芥VHA-c基因在非生物胁迫响应中的作用

利用RT-PCR技术检测VHA-c基因对高盐、水和ABA胁迫的响应,结果表明所有的VHA-c基因都参与了V-ATPase的抗盐胁迫反应;在响应水胁迫的反应中VHA-c2、VHA-c4和VHA-c5基因的表达量增加;在ABA胁迫反应中VHA-c1,VHA-c2,VHA-c3和VHA-c4基因的表达水平均提高,但是VHA-c1和VHA-c3基因只在早期的ABA胁迫中增加其表达量。     

黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

DREB(Dehydrate responsive element binding factor)转录因子是植物非生物逆境适应中的关键调节因子,该类转录因子具有保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,在低温、高盐等非生物逆境胁迫下,可调控下游逆境应答基因的表达,对增强植物的抗逆能力有重要作用。黑果枸杞具有极强的耐干旱、盐碱能力,为研究黑果枸杞DREB类基因在低温、盐碱响应中的功能,本研究以强抗盐灌木黑果枸杞总RNA为模板,基于前期转录组测序拼接序列,利用RT-PCR方法克隆得到一条DREB基因。该基因含有一个1116 bp的开放阅读框,编码372个氨基酸。系统进化树分析显示,Lr DREB1基因属于DREB亚家族A2组成员,与拟南芥AtDREB2B、AtDREB2E具有较高的相似性。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Lr DREB1受盐胁迫、ABA胁迫和低温胁迫诱导表达,可能参与依赖ABA的信号转导途径,调节黑果枸杞抗盐响应。本研究通过对黑果枸杞LrDREB1基因的克隆、序列分析和表达分析,为研究Lr DREB1的功能及黑果枸杞抗盐机理提供了帮助。     

植物热激转录因子在非生物逆境中的作用

非生物逆境通常导致生物体内蛋白变性。热激蛋白(Hsp)作为分子伴侣协助蛋白的重新折叠、稳定、胞内运输和降解,以阻止受损蛋白的累积,维护细胞内环境的稳定。而热激蛋白的表达是通过热激转录因子(Hsfs)结合于热激蛋白基因的启动子的热激元件上(heatshockelement,HSE),以募集其它转录因子而形成转录复合体,促进热激蛋白基因的表达。植物热激转录因子比动物系统更为多样性。根据其基本的结构域,植物热激转录因子可分为三类:HsfA、HsfB、HsfC。A类Hsfs已有大量深入的研究和报道,特别是在番茄方面。HsfB和HsfC的作用尚不清楚。在其复杂的网络中,每一热激转录因子均有其独特的作用,取决于其表达模式、亚细胞定位、聚合化、活性及与其他蛋白的相互作用。在非生物逆境,尤其是热激逆境下,A类热激转录因子在调节热激蛋白的表达起着重要作用。番茄的HsfA1起着主导作用,其缺失无法被其他相近的Hsfs所取代,但在持续热逆境下,在HsfA1的配合下,HsfA2可成为主要调节因子。B类热激转录因子可作为A类Hsfs的阻抑蛋白。然而,基于对不同的单个突变体的研究,以及对酵母Hsf1致死突变体的拯救恢复,一些热激转录因子的作用又是丰余的。此外,热激蛋白也对热激转录因子起负反馈调节作用。     

非生物胁迫下青花菜LncRNA内参基因的筛选

长链非编码RNA在植物抵御逆境胁迫中起着重要作用。适宜的内参基因是准确评价其表达水平的基础。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测16个青花菜LncRNAs表达水平,并通过geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeerper软件进行表达稳定性分析。结果表明：青花菜的16个LncRNAs在不同逆境胁迫下表达稳定性存在差异。其中在弱光胁迫条件下, XLOC_000400表达最稳定;在低温胁迫条件下 XLOC_030832基因稳定性最好;在干旱和渍水胁迫条件下最稳定表达的内参基因分别是 XLOC_007087和 XLOC_012179;高温和盐胁迫处理下最稳定表达的内参基因均为 XLOC_007980。 XLOC_010342和 XLOC_007980在青花菜不同逆境胁迫下的表达稳定性较好。研究结果可为准确定量青花菜不同逆境胁迫下的LncRNAs提供合适的内参基因。     

水杨酸与植物抗逆性

非生物胁迫与生物胁迫均能诱导植物体内水杨酸(SA)的合成,从而缓解逆境对植物造成的伤害,增强植物的抗逆性.本文介绍了近年来有关SA诱导植物抗逆方面的研究进展,并对其作用机理进行了简要综述.     

月季RcLEA基因表达提高大肠杆菌对非生物胁迫耐性

[目的]研究RcLEA基因在月季品种中热诱导表达模式及RcLEA基因对多种非生物胁迫耐性。[方法]将耐热和不耐热月季品种进行38℃/3h热激处理,研究RcLEA基因在月季品种的热诱导表达模式;为验证月季RcLEA基因功能,将其转化E.coliBL21,将重组菌株BL21分别置于4、50℃及LiCl、NaCl、Na2CO3、CdCl2、H2O2胁迫下,研究重组菌株对高温、低温及非生物胁迫的响应。[结果]38℃/3h热激处理后,该基因在耐热月季品种‘曼海姆宫殿’（Schloss mannieim,SM）、‘赌城’（Lasvegas,LV）中强表达,而在不耐热品种‘新十全’（Kordes Perfecta,KP）弱表达或不表达,表明该基因与月季耐热性关系密切。重组菌株提高了对高温、低温、重金属、高盐、高pH值、氧化等非生物胁迫的耐性,表明RcLEA参与了上述非生物胁迫的响应。[结论]该研究为后续该基因导入不耐热月季品种提高月季耐热品质及其机理研究提供了思路,也为月季等园林观赏植物的耐热品种筛选提供了理论支持。     

Transpiration efficiency of Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) in response to drought stress

Drought is a major abiotic stress responsible for severe crop losses worldwide. Development of new crop varieties with increased drought tolerance is one way to increase crop productivity. The aim of this study was to characterise the diversity of nine accessions belonging to Amaranthus tricolor and A. cruentus, in response to drought stress using a dry-down protocol to characterise the transpiration efficiency (TE). Plants were subjected to either a gradual dry down or well-watered conditions. Results showed that TE was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in water-deficient (WD) plants compared to water-sufficient (WS) plants, 2.40 g kg^?1–7.13 g kg^?1 and 2.19 g kg^?1–4.84 g kg^?1, respectively. There was no significant difference in the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) threshold decline between the amaranth genotypes. TE was highly correlated with yield under both WS (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and WD conditions (r = 0.662, P < 0.001), and negatively correlated with root-to-shoot ratio under both WS (r = ?0.488, P < 0.05) and WD conditions (r = ?0.460, P < 0.05). Significant genotypic differences were seen for growth rate and stress susceptibility index (SSI). The result obtained in this investigation underline the need to identify genotypic variation in water use efficiency in amaranth.

Abbreviations: FTSW: Fraction of transpirable soil water; NTR: normalised transpiration rate; SSI: Stress susceptibility index; TE: transpiration efficiency; WHC: water holding capacity; WD: water-deficient; WS: water-sufficient.