Vererbung des β-Glucangehaltes der Haferkaryopse

Inheritance process for β-glucan content in oat caryopsis
Due to the fact that there are only few studies concerning β-glucans in oat caryopsis with regard to plant-breeding aspects, three oat crosses were performed (cross 19 = low × high, cross 86 = low × low, cross 98 = high × high). In all of the three oat crosses, lower β-glucan content (% DM) was recorded in F, than in F, indicating that the β-glucan content (% DM) at a higher heterozygoty grade is lower than at a reduced heterozygoty grade. This points to a dominant inheritance of lower β-glucan content (% DM). A tendency towards the female β-glucan content (% DM) could not be proven. Thus, it can be started from a nuclear genetic inheritance of the β-glucan content (% DM). In most cases, the experiments showed a normal distribution of β-glucan content (% DM), indicating for several genes a quantitative inheritance of β-glucan content (% DM). By means of the regression of the F₃-lines to the F₂-plants, the narrow-sense heritability could be calculated for the cross 86 (h²= 0.51***) and the cross 98 (h²= 0.48***). The heritability for the cross 19 was not significant.     

大麦籽粒淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性研究

为研究大麦籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性,及淀粉各组分与β-葡聚糖的关系,以2个皮大麦、1个裸大麦和1个糯裸大麦为试验材料,测定花后7、14、21、28d淀粉各组分及β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,甘啤6号淀粉各组分含量随灌浆推进均逐渐升高,在成熟期达到最大值;甘垦啤7号和甘垦6号均呈先升高后降低趋势,在花后21d有1个峰值。糯大麦C 2-1直链淀粉含量显著低于非糯大麦;支链淀粉含量显著高于非糯大麦,整个灌浆期呈先升高后降低趋势。β-葡聚糖含量均随灌浆时间延长逐渐升高,成熟期含量最高;整个灌浆期糯大麦C 2-1含量显著高于非糯大麦。相关分析表明,直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值与β-葡聚糖含量呈极显著负相关,可以将直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值作为高β-葡聚糖品种选育的一个指标。Logistic方程拟合发现,直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖最终积累量与积累起势与有效积累时间有关,支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最高积累速率和平均积累速率。     

燕麦中β-葡聚糖的含量及相对分子质量测定方法的研究进展

阐述了燕麦中β-葡聚糖的含量及相对分子质量测定方法的国内外研究动态和研究成果,其中包括对β-葡聚糖含量的测定方法(酶测定法、荧光法、高效液相色谱法、刚果红分光光度比色法)的研究,以及对β-葡聚糖相对分子质量测定方法(高效凝胶色谱法、凝胶色谱法、高效液相色谱法)的研究。     

产地及品种对西藏青稞营养品质的影响

为了明确产地和品种对西藏青稞营养品质的影响,对采自西藏6个地(市)、26个县的7个普通青稞品种和3个有色青稞品种(257份样品)的5个品质指标和8种矿质元素含量进行了分析。结果表明,(1)产地生态条件是影响青稞品质和矿质元素含量的首要因素,产地对普通青稞的10个被测指标有显著影响;品种对普通青稞的5种被测指标有显著影响;产地和品种的交互作用显著影响5个被测矿质元素含量;产地显著影响有色青稞的黄酮、粗蛋白和磷含量。(2)青稞不同品质指标和矿质元素含量变异程度不同,变异系数最高为52.3%。供试青稞粗淀粉含量为46.64%~53.76%,粗蛋白含量为6.51%~14.21%,粗纤维含量为1.66%~3.4%,β-葡聚糖含量为3.63%~5.13%,黄酮含量为0.18%~0.40%;钾含量为4 224.8~7 646.5mg·kg~(-1),磷含量为2 243.1~6 288.7mg·kg~(-1),镁含量为731.6~1 572.0mg·kg~(-1),钙含量为246.4~789.0mg·kg~(-1),铁含量为27.59~173.99mg·kg~(-1),锌含量为17.56~85.22mg·kg~(-1),锰含量为10.42~22.23mg·kg~(-1),铜含量为2.12~11.84mg·kg~(-1)。(3)有色青稞的粗淀粉和黄酮含量显著高于普通青稞,而粗蛋白和粗纤维含量显著低于普通青稞,β-葡聚糖含量二者间无显著差异。     

大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴侵染过程的细胞学研究

 接种后1.5~24h,用光镜和电镜研究了2个大豆品种与大豆疫霉菌Ps411的亲和性和非亲和性互作。观察结果表明,大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴的侵染过程可分为侵入前、侵入、皮层组织中的扩展和进入维管束组织4个连续阶段。大豆下胚轴接种后在25℃保湿培养,1.5h后游动孢子即形成休止孢并萌发产生附着孢,3h后侵入表皮细胞,6h后进入皮层组织,24h后进入维管束组织。病原菌主要以侵染菌丝直接侵入表皮,表皮细胞间隙是主要侵入部位。皮层细胞是病原菌定殖和发展的主要场所,胞间菌丝侵入皮层细胞并形成吸器。在菌丝与寄主细胞接触部位的寄主细胞壁与质膜之间常有胞壁沉积物的形成。在抗病品种上病菌的侵染事件与感病品种基本一致,但不能形成正常的吸器,胞壁沉积物明显多于感病品种,菌丝在寄主组织内的扩展明显受到抑制。利用β-1,3-葡聚糖免疫金标记单克隆抗体进行的免疫细胞化学的研究表明,胞壁沉积物内含有大量的β-1,3-葡聚糖,在大豆疫霉菌菌丝壁中也存在β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果表明,病原菌的侵染可诱导抗病寄主细胞内β-1,3-葡聚糖迅速的合成与积累、并形成胞壁沉积物,以抵御病菌的侵染与扩展。     

啤酒酵母葡聚糖对断奶仔猪生产性能及淋巴细胞转化率的影响

为了探讨啤酒酵母葡聚糖在断奶仔猪日粮中的适宜添加剂量及其对断奶仔猪细胞免疫功能的影响,本研究进行了2个试验。试验1选用100头(28±2)d断奶的二元杂交断奶仔猪,按单因子试验设计随机分为5个处理,分别饲喂含葡聚糖0、25、50、100mg/kg和200mg/kg的日粮。结果表明:随葡聚糖添加剂量的增加,平均日增重在14￣28 d及0￣28 d呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。试验2选用80头(28±2)d断奶的二元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为2个处理,分别饲喂含葡聚糖0mg/kg和50mg/kg的日粮。在试验的第14天和第28天,每重复取1头仔猪前腔静脉采血,测定外周血淋巴细胞转化率。结果显示,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加50mg/kg葡聚糖提高了仔猪在14￣28d及0￣28d的日增重(P<0.05)。而且,也提高了仔猪在0￣14 d、0￣28 d及28￣35 d的平均日采食量(P<0.05)。但是对淋巴细胞转化率没有影响。结果表明:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加50mg/kg啤酒酵母葡聚糖,可以提高断奶仔猪的生产性能,而且没有性别差异。     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

Evaluation of β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans and High-M alginate used as immunostimulatory dietary supplement during first feeding and weaning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Stimulation of the non-specific defence enhances the disease resistance and growth, and has good potentials as a measure for increased microbial control in juvenile production of marine fish and shellfish. So far, the most commonly used immunostimulants are β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucans, and in this study the stimulatory potential of a β-(1 → 3, 1 → 6)-glucan of marine origin, the storage polysaccharide from the marine diatom Chaetoceros mülleri, was examined. The glucan (chrysolaminaran) was extracted from cultures of C. mülleri, and used as a dietary supplement in two first feeding experiments with larvae of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. In one experiment the microalgal glucan was compared to the commercial yeast-glucan product MacroGard®, and in the other to an alginate with a high content of mannuronic acid (High-M alginate) isolated from Durvillaea antarctica. The stimulants were given via rotifers, and weaning to formulated feed was initiated at day 17 or 18 after hatching. The survival ± SEM at day 27 after hatching was 24.5 ± 2.0%, 14.8 ± 4.5% and 13.1 ± 1.4% for the groups fed C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and for the control, respectively, in the first experiment. The group fed C. mülleri-glucan group had higher survival compared to the control (P < 0.05) group, whereas the yeast glucan had no positive effect on the survival (p > 0.05). The dry weights of the groups at day 27 were low, with 203.2 ± 52.2, 165.2 ± 43.4 and 198.5 ± 58.1 μg per larva for the C. mülleri-glucan, yeast glucan and control groups, respectively. In the second experiment the survival in the period of feeding formulated feed (days 18-30) were 44.6 ± 4.3%, 44.7 ± 1.3%, and 33.8 ± 4.1% survival for the C. mülleri-glucan, High-M alginate and control group, respectively. The cod larvae fed C. mülleri-glucan reached an average weight of 531.6 ± 17.2 μg at day 30, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the control group that had an average of 473.6 ± 3.5 μg. The larvae fed High-M alginate had an average weight of 470.3 ± 31.6 μg per larva at day 30, and not significantly different from the control (p > 0.05). The early weaning to formulated diet had detrimental effect on the growth of the larvae. In both experiments the C. mülleri-glucan group was the only group showing a positive growth rate in the period of weaning to dry feed. The microbial conditions in larval gut and water were monitored with respect to total colony forming units on Marine agar, and Vibrio- and Pseudomonas-like species on selective agars (TCBS and marine Pseudomonas Agar with CFC-supplement). The larvae were rapidly colonised after hatching, but no or weak effects of the stimulants were observed on the colonisation rates or the composition. The total CFU varied from 10¹ to 10² CFU per μg larva after initiation of the first feeding. The percentages of Pseudomonas-like bacteria increased throughout the period, whereas the levels of Vibrio-like bacteria were low and stable. The chrysolaminaran from the diatom C. mülleri was shown to be a promising candidate for use as an immunostimulatory feed additive, and which should be further explored.     

硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对H1N1猪流感病毒血凝作用和mRNA转录的影响

为研究硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对流感病毒血凝抑制作用及对mRNA转录的影响,以猪流感病毒A/tianjin/1/TJ2(H1N1)感染MDCK细胞为模型,采用血凝抑制试验(HI)及SYBR Green Real-time PCR方法,探索硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对流感病毒血凝抑制作用及其对mRNA转录影响。结果显示,硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖在浓度超过1.25 mg/m L时,能对猪流感病毒血凝产生抑制作用,且在5 mg/m L时对猪流感病毒mRNA转录具有抑制作用。因此,硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖具有抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞复制的作用,其作用机制可能与抑制流感病毒HA靶点及影响mRNA转录有关。     

猴头菌不同生长发育期粗蛋白、粗多糖含量及水溶性粗多糖体外免疫活性

测定猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)华中猴头菌株不同生长发育期子实体中的粗蛋白、粗多糖和水溶性粗多糖中β-葡聚糖含量,并研究不同生长发育期子实体粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性变化规律.结果表明,供试菌株不同生长发育期子实体的粗蛋白、粗多糖和β-葡聚糖含量以及粗多糖体外刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性均存在显著或极显著差异,随着生长发育的进行,猴头菌子实体中粗蛋白含量总体上呈下降的趋势(小菌剌期比前一时期有所增加),而多糖含量则总体呈上升趋势(小菌刺期比后一时期高),β-葡聚糖含量呈先快速上升后平稳的趋势;分裂期粗多糖在浓度500 μg/mL时对RAW264.7释放NO的促进作用较强.