云冷杉林风倒区林隙和掘根微立地微气候变化

2013年7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区云冷杉林风倒区1.5 hm2的样地内,选取由掘根倒木形成且包含坑和丘微立地的大、中、小3个代表性林隙。在每个林隙中心安装HOBO自动气象站,测定了7—9月林隙中心以及林隙内丘顶和坑底的总辐射、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和相对湿度,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设置对照。分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙内丘顶和坑底之间小气候在生长季的动态变化及其差异。结果表明:林隙总辐射、PAR以及空气温度依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;同一林隙内,丘顶的总辐射、PAR和空气温度大于坑底,丘顶空气相对湿度小于坑底;月均气温和月均PAR均为7月>8月>9月,绝大多数按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序递减,仅9月份小林隙的气温大于中林隙。同一林隙的平均气温日较差均为7月>9月>8月,相同微立地(林隙中心、丘顶、坑底)气温日较差均为大林隙>中林隙>小林隙。相同月份丘顶的气温日较差均大于坑底。各林隙空气相对湿度均为8月>9月>7月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递增。7月份大林隙的总辐射、PAR与8、9月份相比均差异显著。9月不同大小林隙之间的总辐射、PAR差异均不显著。7—9月,大林隙和小林隙中心的空气湿度均差异显著。同一林隙相同月份丘顶和坑底的PAR、空气相对湿度差异均显著,空气温度差异不显著;无论是在林隙内还是林隙内的丘顶和坑底,同一林隙不同月份的温度差异均显著。     

Retention of wind-felled trees and the risk of consequential tree mortality by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in Finland

Abstract

Autumn storms felled about 7 million m³ of forest in southern Finland in 2001. Windthrow area and timber characteristics, as well as numbers of standing spruce trees attacked and killed by Ips typographus, were recorded in 61 Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]-dominated windthrow areas. Generalized linear models were used to identify significant variables predicting the risk for consequential tree mortality by I. typographus. None of the windthrow areas with fewer than 20 wind-felled spruce trees (WFS) (n=28) and only half of the areas with 20 or more WFS (n=33) harboured trees killed by I. typographus during the years 2003–2005. The quantity and diameter of WFS and the basal area of recently dead standing spruce trees correlated positively with the risk of tree deaths. This study indicates that in Finland, at endemic I. typographus population levels, it is safe to leave fewer than 20 WFS in managed forests. Retention of even larger quantities of trees does not seem to evoke significant numbers of consequential tree deaths by I. typographus in managed forests. However, in stands where the natural mortality of spruce trees is high, the risks of consequential tree deaths after wind disturbance will also be higher.     

Influence of a long-term storage in anaerobic conditions on Norway spruce (Picea abies,L. Karst.) physical and mechanical wood properties

Timber storage is a key aspect of storm damage management. After huge storms, sprinkling storage is usually the most used conservation process but anaerobic storage in sealed silos appears as good alternative to preserve wood quality over long periods. This paper investigates the impact of long-term (57 months) storage of Norway spruce logs in anaerobic atmosphere on wood properties. Tests were performed on clear wood specimens and on lumbers to determine the modulus of elasticity (E), the static bending strength (σ_f) and the dynamic bending strength (K). Storage effects on impregnability and colour variation were also studied. Results show no effect of storage on E, σ_f and K. The naturally poor impregnability of Norway spruce is not improved by the anaerobic conditions, compared to traditional wet storage. Triangle tests reveal no discernible colour variation between logs that underwent anaerobic storage and the control sample. As a conclusion, despite a mould (Gliocladium solani) frequently observed on logs surface after the storage, the process offers ideal conservation conditions. While overall cost remains the main drawback for using anaerobic storage at large scale, the process can be recommended for high value logs, especially since it has few environmental impacts.     

台风对天童地区常绿阔叶林干扰的一般特征

调查分析了天童国家森林公园常绿阔叶林受2005年“麦莎”和“卡努”两次强台风干扰后形成的倒木和林隙的现状特征，结果表明，在调查的111株倒木中共有19个物种，其中以木荷和栲树所占的比例最大；所有倒木中以掘根方式形成的倒木所占比例最大，且主要发生在林道旁和林内沟谷边；倒木径级多集中在50cm以下，以10-30cm区间所占的比例最大，高度的分布范围集中在10-20m；在林内所形成的10个林隙中，以小林隙型为主，面积较大的林隙都集中在沟谷边。     

Attributes of blowdown patches from a severe wind event in the Southern Rocky Mountains,USA

There is increasing interest in large, infrequent, natural disturbances and how they affect ecosystems. Attributes of patches produced by some natural disturbances, such as blowdowns, have seldom been measured. We measured attributes of patches produced by a large blowdown (over 10 000 ha) in northern Colorado, USA in 1997. The blowdown produced 402, 655, or 756 patches, based on three different concepts of a blowdown patch. An inverse-J relationship shows that most patches are small in size (<200 ha), while few are large. Most patches have a high percentage of blown-down trees (>50% down). Blowdown patches are highly variable in their size, perimeter length, and distance to the nearest patch. The blowdown patches are larger and have more complex shapes than patches in the surrounding forest. Mean size of blowdown patches (25 ha) may be smaller than those of crown fires in a nearby forest, but similar total areas may be affected. About 75% of the blowdown area is within 125 m of a forest not blown down, so natural tree regeneration should not be a problem. About 16,400 ha of mature spruce-fir forest is susceptible to first-year attack by spruce beetles, as this forest is within the expected dispersal distance (1.2 km) from blowdown patches where beetle reproduction is favored. Timber harvest patches differ from blowdown patches in size and distance to nearest patch. It also may be inappropriate to mimic forest blowdown patches using timber harvesting in this region, due to the rare occurrence of large blowdowns, their spatial restriction, and other factors.     

Geographic information system (GIS) application for windthrow mapping and management in Iezer Mountains, Southern Carpathians

Windthrow problem is a difficult task for the forest managers in the Romanian Carpathians and especially in Iezer Mountains. The last windthrow, in July 2005, affected about 370 ha within the study area and left unprotected large slopes with important declivities (20-30°). In our study, we try to propose a tool for forest management, in order to control and minimize the negative effect of wind upon the mountain forest ecosystem. The digital data input derived from forestry data (forest stand typology, age, canopy coverage index, forest productivity class) and from the forest biotope features (soil and topography parameters). The main goal was to find a more objective way for digital layer reclassification in order to obtain the windthrow areas susceptibility map for the Iezer Mountains. Each digital layer has its own weight within the analysis and one of them was difficult to be modeled (the wind features). A statistical approach was developed on the basis of local phenomena and the windthrow features in the Romanian Carpathians. This allowed us to obtain the reclassification conditions for each digital layer. Forest canopy typology and soil features (mainly its volume) were considered as the key factors for the windthrow occurrence analysis. The final windthrow susceptibility map was validated with the help of the statistic occurrence of windthrow areas within each susceptibility class and after a field check of the sites. The result was encouraging, because 92.5% of the windthrow areas fall into the highest windthrow susceptibility class.     

云冷杉林风倒区坑丘微立地特征及物种多样性

2013年6-7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm2的固定样地内,通过调查36株掘根倒木的树种、直径、倒向、腐烂等级、形成的坑丘复合体的微立地特征及样地内植物的种类、高度、多度、盖度,计算云冷杉林风倒区坑丘物种的丰富度和重要值.结果表明：1）掘根倒木的形成树种共有4种,出现频率大小依次为冷杉（54.1％）＞云杉（27％）＞白桦（13.5％）＞红松（5.4％）;2） 36株掘根倒木中的29株倒向偏北方向;3）掘根倒木形成的坑丘的体积分别与坑宽、丘高呈显著正相关,坑深与丘厚呈显著正相关,丘和坑的体积分别与丘的表面积呈显著正相关;4）在3个微立地上,物种丰富度、均匀度指数、物种多样性指数均为完整立地＞坑底＞丘顶;5）库页悬钩子在丘上的重要值最大,坑底有利于荨麻、水金凤的生长;6）当掘根倒木腐烂等级为Ⅱ级时,丘顶上的物种丰富度最高,为Ⅴ级时,坑底的物种丰富度最大,植物平均总盖度和平均密度的大小顺序均为完整立地＞丘顶＞坑底.     

稳定风速和阵风交错作用下的林木风倒分析

风倒是形成林隙的主要原因, 是发生频率较高、波及范围较广、造成损失较严重的一种自然灾害。因此, 研究风倒具有重要的理论和实践意义。针对相关理论模型的不足, 利用动力学理论建立了林木风倒的非线性动态模型, 分别从稳定风速作用和阵风作用2个方面对林木的风倒机理进行了研究, 通过严格的数学推导获得了林木发生风倒的判断条件。结果表明:稳定风速和阵风作用下林木发生风倒的条件不同, 且互为补充。基于理论分析, 以西加云杉Picea sitchensis为例进行数值计算, 得到了风倒的标准风速值, 研究结果可以应用到其他树种的风倒问题中。同时, 稳定风速和阵风交错作用下发生风倒的标准风速值与还与风荷载的作用时间有关。研究结果为后续的理论研究和工程应用提供了指导。