平潭县燕下埔沙荒风口综合治理试验初报

对燕下埔沙荒风口地段的综合治理试验结果表明：风口造林要取得成功，除了要采取必要的生物措施，更为重要的是应设置具有一定疏透度的风障以降低风沙危害，提高造林成活率。     

京津风沙源区生态保护与建设工程对防风固沙服务功能的影响

[目的] 评价京津风沙源生态保护与建设工程自2000年启动实施近20 a以来的防风固沙效应,以指导工程二期的实施。[方法] 选取植被覆盖度、风蚀量和防风固沙服务功能保有率等指标进行分析。[结果] 京津风沙源区以草地为主,其次为林地和农田;工程实施以来,多年平均土壤风蚀量为7.87×10⁸ t,以微度和轻度侵蚀为主;一期工程实施期间的土壤风蚀量总体呈逐年减小趋势,二期工程实施以来,风沙源区遭受风蚀危害又逐渐加重,尤其是沙化草原亚区,该区风蚀模数变化趋势达到了8.96 t/（hm²·a）;就防风固沙服务功能保有率而言,整个风沙源区均值达到了0.82,低值区主要分布于沙化草原亚区（0.743）和晋北山地丘陵亚区（0.752）;二期工程实施以来,大部分区域保有率均显著提升,这与二期工程实施期间全年及冬春季的植被覆盖度变化情况一致。[结论] 京津风沙源的风蚀防治区重点在保有率下降区域和以草地和沙地为主的沙化草原亚区、浑善达克沙地亚区和科尔沁沙地亚区。     

基于图像处理的疏透度测定及结构关系研究

为快速、准确地测定防风林林带疏透度,建立林带疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型,为防风林建设及调整提供合理化意见。使用图像处理技术对获取的防风林林带照片进行自动识别,通过Otsu算法自动将树木实体区域和孔隙区域分割,从而测定林带疏透度。并采用相关性分析和逐步线性回归法建立疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型。结果表明,采用Otsu算法测定林带疏透度的方法与图像处理软件(Photoshop)测定结果无明显差异,该方法操作简单、效率高,能够快速、准确测定防风林林带疏透度。防风林疏透度与林带行数、棵数、枝下比例、株行距、密度存在显著性相关关系,构建疏透度与林带行数、密度间的关系模型:β=-0.060 1N-0.065 8ρ+0.810 9(R²=0.961 3,P=0.000 29)。根据建立的防风林林带疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型,可对防风林的建设提供科学合理化的指导,使其发挥更好的防护效应。     

The role of shelter in Australia for protecting soils,plants and livestock

The purpose of this review is to examine the current knowledge of the role of trees in providing shelter for pastures, crops, and livestock, for controlling erosion of soils and improving productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in Australia — and the extent to which this knowledge has been applied.Land degradation — tree loss and associated soil salinity, water and wind erosion, soil acidification, soil structural decline and nutrient degradation — is evidence that our primary production systems are not sustainable. We have sought increased production without proper consideration of the ecological context of that system. About half of Victoria's crop and pasture lands are affected or at risk, and in Western Australia about 25% of the cleared agricultural land is wind-eroded and 60% is potentially susceptible, salinity affects 0.43 m ha and half of the divertible surface water is affected by salinity. Similar problems occur in other States. At least 43 m ha or 13% of our rangelands are seriously degraded by wind erosion caused by overgrazing, often coinciding with drought or a run of drier years.Minimum tillage and stubble management for erosion control in cropping has been a major extension and research activity in Australian agriculture. Severe weather, combined with imperfect adoption of appropriate grazing and crop management systems, shows the weakness of complete reliance on these methods of erosion control. An effective system must accommodate the impact of extreme events, which are the most damaging. However, the complementary use of windbreaks to reduce soil erosion is rare, and their establishment has not been promoted, despite the wide-spread adoption of this technology by other countries.In the cropping and higher rainfall grazing areas, the systematic planting of 10% of the land in a net of shelterbelts/timberbelts/clusters could achieve a 50% windspeed reduction; this would substantially improve livestock and pasture production in the short and long-term. Wind erosion could be dramatically reduced and crop production probably increased by the use of windbreaks. Wheat and oat yield at Rutherglen (Victoria), and lupin yield at Esperance (Western Australia), were increased in the sheltered zone by 22% and 47%, and 30%, respectively.In semi-arid and dry temperate areas, planting of 5% of the land to shelter could reduce windspeed by 30–50% and soil loss by up to 80%. This planting would also contribute substantially to achieving other objectives of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry — particularly timberbelts applications — will be important in the long-term strategy for achieving revegetation. If some of the trees yield a marketable product then the adoption of the system will be more readily achieved.In the arid (pastoral) areas there is an urgent need to promote the ethic that preservation and improvement of the perennial grass and shrub vegetation is critical for the protection of the soil and maintenance of land capability. Control of animal grazing remains the sole means of preventing erosion in much of this zone. While satellite imagery allows us to assess the condition of leasehold lands, we have failed to achieve stocking policies that will halt the degradation of our rangelands.     

两行一带式乔木固沙林带风速流场和防风效果风洞试验

研究在风速为10和15 m·s<'-1>的风洞试验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的3种两行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直方向的风速变化情况,以期对3种模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析.结果表明:3种配置模式在0.31H高度形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂流场结构,覆盖度25%的两行一带模式的防风效果高于覆盖度20%的两行一带模式.3种模式在不同高度的风速变化规律相同,可划分为3层:微变化层(1.54H和2H)、显著变化层(0.46H和0.92H)和稳定变化层(0.06～0.12H)3个层次.3种模式降低风速的效果为:D=4H(H为带间距)L=4 cm(L为行距)模式大于D=5H,L=0.08 m模式和覆盖度20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),后2种模式相同.     

河西走廊中部农田防护林防风效应初探

单个农田林网的防风度为２８．２％，而大面积连片农田防护林体系的建成，区域性防风效应更加显著。与建设初期相比，张掖、临泽和高台３县（市）的总防风速度为４２．８％，年大风日数降低６８．４％，年沙尘暴日数降低６６．１％     

杭州湾南岸沿海防护林的防护效应

为研究杭州湾南岸沿海防护林的防护效应,对沿海防护林林内外的风速、气温和相对湿度进行了布点测量。结果表明,沿海防护林对于风速有明显的减弱作用,风速最小值处于林带中央位置;风速减弱的整体趋势呈抛物线状,在林带作用下先减弱,离林带越远,这种减弱风力的作用越弱;经过防护林的作用,风力减小且风速变化幅度也减小;防护林可以调节区域小气候,防护林林内气温相对降低,相对湿度相对增加,对沿海生态环境有重要意义。     

塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林近地表沙尘通量及粒度特征

[目的]分析主导风向下塔里木河下游阿拉干断面天然胡杨河岸林迎风面和背风面的沙尘输沙量及粒度特征,为该区天然河岸林防风固沙提供理论依据。[方法]利用BSNE梯度集沙仪采集两个迎风面样地(Y₁,Y₂)和两个背风面样地(B₁,B₂)近地表10,30,50,100和150 cm这5个高度的沉积物,再由Microtrac S3500激光衍射粒度分析仪测定沙样粒度特征。[结果](1)4个样地沙尘水平通量皆遵循幂函数或指数函数分布,总输沙量呈现：Y₁>Y₂>B₁>B₂,各样地随着离地表高度的增加输沙量呈减少趋势。(2)背风面相较于迎风面输沙量降幅在35%～80%之间,说明塔里木河下游天然胡杨河岸林具有较显著的防风固沙效益。(3)各高度沙粒平均粒径为80～93μm,以极细沙为主,粒径频率曲线呈单峰分布,沙尘组成简单,以局地沙源为主。[结论]研究区天然胡杨河岸林背风面输沙量低于迎风面、平均粒径小于迎风面、分选性优...     

基于RWEQ模型的茫崖市防风固沙功能评估及敏感地类识别

为了较准确评估茫崖市的防风固沙功能,识别对防风固沙功能敏感的土地利用类型,通过4种方法确定修正风蚀模型(RWEQ)中的气候因子(WF)参数,计算出实际风蚀量和防风固沙量,依据指南法、自然间断法和文献—实际结合法对防风固沙功能进行了评估分级,借助ArcGIS软件将土地利用类型和防风固沙功能进行空间叠置分析以识别出敏感地类。结果表明：(1)利用风蚀气候因子(Fq)直接代替法确定的WF空间分布和阈值范围最符合实际,RWEQ模型能较准确地评估荒漠戈壁区茫崖市的防风固沙功能;(2)茫崖市2014年平均风蚀模数为57.99 kg/(m²·a),属于风力侵蚀严重区域,2014年全市单位面积防风固沙量介于0～44.93 kg/m²,防风固沙功能整体较弱;(3)在3种评估分级方法中,文献—实际结合法更为详细地反映出2014—2018年茫崖市西南山区较强的防风固沙功能,且高等级功能的区域范围较广;(4)草地是茫崖市2014—2018年对防风固沙功能变化最敏感的土地利用类型。RWEQ模型有效评估了茫崖市的防风固沙功能,并识别出了敏感的土地利用类型。本研究为县级地区...     

防风效果评估指标之研究

防风效果的评估在防风工程中有非常重要的地位,本研究探讨在台湾防风研究常用两种指标之适用性和代表性。并考虑二维风向速度及改善背风面常出现回流等之问题而建立风阻指标（Windbreak Index,WBI）。以数值计算来模拟一地表直立墙附近之空气流场,期能对于防风工程提供较实际、客观的防风效果评估方式。