江苏省4类主要秸秆和畜禽粪便空间分布及综合利用潜力研究

为明晰江苏省农业废弃物资源分布格局并进行利用潜力评估,推进农业废弃物资源化利用,助力农业全面绿色转型,本研究借助GIS构建数据批处理模型,测算各区县水稻、小麦、玉米和油菜4种作物的秸秆和猪、牛、羊、家禽4种畜禽的粪便产生量,及其在肥料化、能源化方面的利用潜力理论值,并结合热点分析结果为江苏省农业废弃物综合利用提供政策建议。结果表明：2020年江苏省4种主要作物秸秆可收集总量高达3 972.00万t,以水稻和小麦秸秆为主,集中分布在江苏北部和中部。分析其肥料化利用潜力,理论上相当于1 511.89万t有机碳、12.04万t N、1.59万t P、24.49万t K,能源化理论上相当于1 617.52万t标准煤或6.5×10⁹m³沼气;江苏省4种主要畜禽粪便产生总量为4 560.77万t,家禽粪便与猪粪最多,主要分布在东部边界和西北部地区。分析其肥料化利用潜力,理论计算相当于737.00万t有机碳、31.15万t N、29.86万t P和26.89万t K,能源化利用可折算成1 036.95万t标准煤或4.9×10⁹m     

放牧区居民生活垃圾治理模式与策略研究

以内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗放牧区作为研究区域,采取实地调研、问卷调查、模型计算和实验分析的方法对其居民生活垃圾的收集、清运和处理模式进行研究.结果 显示,研究区域的放牧区生活垃圾基本形成了较为完整的清运、回收、填埋体系,依托社区为中心的生活垃圾清运模式运行效果较好,形成了依托环保志愿者-商店-回收企业的资源回收体系,处置...     

Utilization of Sake lees as Broiler Feedstuff and its Effects on Growth Performance and Intestinal Immunity

Increasing food loss and waste (FLW) is a global problem, and efforts are being made to use waste food as potential livestock feed material. The amount of self-supplied feed is lower in Japan than in other countries, and the government recommends FLW use for animal feed. Sake (Japanese rice wine) is a traditional alcoholic beverage. During the sake manufacturing process, large amounts of squeezed solids or “lees” (sake lees) are generated. Sake lees are nutritious and functional, but are prone to spoilage. In this study, we investigated whether sake lees should be mixed with animal feed immediately or after drying. To assess the usefulness of sake lees as a poultry feed ingredient and determine the effect of sake lees on intestinal immunity, we performed a feeding trial with three treatments: a raw sake lees (RSL) diet, dried sake lees (DSL) diet, and control diet. Three-week-old broilers were fed these diets (n=8 per group) for two weeks. We then calculated feed efficiency and performed RT-qPCR to assess the effects of diet on intestinal immunity. The growth performance in the RSL diet group was equivalent to that in the control diet group. The DSL diet became difficult for broilers to eat, resulting in decreased growth performance. In the ileum of RSL-diet broilers, the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and avian β-defensin (AvBD)12 were significantly increased compared to those of control diet broilers (p<0.05), and a significant correlation was observed between the two genes (p<0.05). Our results indicated that sake lees should not be dried and should be mixed immediately with feed, and this sake lees when fed to chicken activates the intestinal immunity. However, sake lees have a lower fat content than corn, and it is thus important to combine sake lees with high-energy feed.     

农业废弃物制备生物炭方法及应用现状

农业废弃物是指在农产品生产、再生产过程中,由于资源的投入和产出的差异,导致资源利用中物质和能源的流失。农业废弃物产量日益增多,但没有得到合理利用,对环境造成污染。利用农业废弃物制备生物炭是一种有效的资源化利用方式,已成为国内外研究热点。本文主要归纳总结了农业废弃物制备生物炭的4种方法及其优缺点,并对生物炭在土壤改良、环境修复和气候变化的应用进行了分析,以期为生物炭在农业领域的应用开发提供依据。     

白菜与玫瑰秸秆不同比例混合发酵的产气性能研究

以白菜废弃物和玫瑰秸秆为原料,采用批量厌氧消化工艺,在水浴恒温35±1℃的条件下进行混合发酵,探究不同配比的白菜废弃物与玫瑰秸秆混合发酵的产气潜力和产气特性。结果表明,经过33d的发酵周期,白菜废弃物和玫瑰秸秆以质量比0:3、1:2、2:1、3:0不同配比混合发酵,对应的TS产气率分别为254mL/g、248mL/g、213mL/g和191mL/g。单一玫瑰秸秆发酵的产气潜力最优,单一的白菜废弃物发酵的产气潜力最差,添加花卉能够有效提升蔬菜废弃物的产气效果,白菜废弃物和玫瑰秸秆1:2配比下产气潜力要优于2:1配比组。     

甘肃河西盐碱荒地开发对河流水质的影响

本文详尽分析了甘肃河西地区张掖临泽部分盐碱荒地开发对生态环境产生的主要污染参数、污染因子及污染物排放量，预测了洗盐废水中可溶性盐分对黑河水质的影响。     

抗旱保水袋性能及其在容器苗中的试验研究

为探讨抗旱保水袋在废弃采石场造林中的应用效果,通过室内试验和室外盆栽试验研究了抗旱保水袋性能及对容器苗生长的影响。结果表明:大袋保水袋的吸水速率和吸水倍数比小袋保水袋分别增加1.4倍、1.9倍,在蒸馏水溶液下的吸水速率和吸水倍数比自来水分别增加0.6倍、0.1倍;大袋保水袋的保水率大于小袋保水袋;保水袋能显著增加渣土土壤体积含水量,比对照高1.29倍,苗高平均比对照增加2.36cm,成活率平均比对照增加69.5%,出现死亡天数平均比对照推迟12d。结论得出,抗旱保水袋是干旱、半干旱及半湿润地区废弃采石场困难立地提高造林成活率并促进植被恢复的一种有效方法。     

桔皮中提取橙皮苷方法的研究

研究了从桔皮中提取橙皮苷的一种新方法。优化条件是：按干拮皮与９５％乙醇质量比１：２０投料,在５０℃下浸提３次,每次４ｈ,总浸提效率达５．３７％。     

Seroepidemiology of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in waste pickers and waste workers in Durango, Mexico

Municipal waste is a potential source of infection for Toxoplasma gondii as it may contain contaminated meat with parasite tissue cysts and cat excrement with parasite oocysts. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and associated characteristics in two populations exposed to municipal solid waste in Durango, Mexico. Ninety waste pickers and 83 waste workers of Durango City, Mexico were examined for T. gondii infection. They were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In addition, socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics from each participant were obtained. Nineteen (21.1%) of the 90 waste pickers and seven (8.4%) of the 83 waste workers were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. The difference in prevalence among the groups was statistically significant (P =0.03). Waste pickers aged 31-50 years showed a significantly higher prevalence (40.9%) than waste workers of the same age group (2.9%, P < 0.001). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were found in two (2.2%) of the waste pickers but in none of the waste workers. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in workers of the waste transfer station (25.0%) than in drivers or helpers of waste vehicles (2.5%) (P =0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii infection was associated with consuming food found in the garbage [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-11.8] and with lack of education (adjusted OR = 3.2; 95% CI 1.1-8.8). From this study, we conclude: (i) waste pickers may represent a risk group for T. gondii infection; (ii) lack of education might be a contributing factor for T. gondii infection; (iii) the higher the exposure to garbage, the higher the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection; (iv) Eating food products from the garbage may represent an important route for T. gondii infection.     

Impressions and purchasing intentions of Japanese consumers regarding pork produced by ‘Ecofeed,’ a trademark of food‐waste or food co‐product animal feed certified by the Japanese government

Impressions and purchasing intentions of Japanese consumers regarding pork produced by ‘Ecofeed’, a trademark of food‐waste or co‐product animal feeds certified by the Japanese government, were investigated by a questionnaire on the Internet. ‘Ecofeed’ did not elicit specific impressions as compared to domestic, imported, Kurobuta (in Japan), and specific pathogen‐free (SPF) pork. Purchasing intent for ‘Ecofeed’ pork was the second lowest of the five pork products. Knowledge and purchasing experience regarding ‘Ecofeed’ pork was the lowest of the five pork products. Respondents were classified into four categories according to their impressions of ‘Ecofeed’ pork. The largest category of respondents did not have any specific impression of ‘Ecofeed’ pork and had little knowledge of pork farming. A category that had a positive impression for ‘Ecofeed’ pork had high knowledge of the pork farming system. In order to establish ‘Ecofeed’ pork in Japan, our results suggest that information disclosure and education about ‘Ecofeed’, its certification system, environmental benefits and the current self‐efficiency ratio of animal feed, are needed.