太行山前平原区作物-水分模型

依据田间试验数据,采用Jensen模型,研究了太行山前平原区冬小麦、夏玉米的作物—水分模型。结果表明,小麦在拔节期缺水敏感指数(iλ)最大,对缺水最为敏感;其次是孕穗至灌浆前期;而返青起身期间和灌浆后期iλ是负值,在这些生育期适当控制水分供应对产量更有利。对于夏玉米,每个生育期iλ均为正值,说明玉米任何生育期的水分亏缺最终均会对产量产生影响,特别是抽雄至灌浆前期,是对水分最敏感的时期。     

不同类型稻抗旱性鉴定指标研究

以具有代表性的粳稻，旱稻，陆稻，籼稻及其杂交种共18个品种（组合）为试材，采用淹水栽培与旱作对比的方法。分析了不同类型稻的抗旱性及其鉴定方法。探讨了这些方法及指标与水分胁迫条件下水稻产量的关系。选出两个与水分胁迫条件下产量关系最为密切的水稻生理指标。确定了水稻旱作时结实率为最直观的抗旱性鉴定指标。     

PEG处理对柠条种子发芽的影响

通过选用渗透调节剂聚乙二醇(PEG)处理柠条种子,并对柠条种子的发芽情况进行试验研究,结果表明:在水分胁迫条件下,柠条种子萌发存在一定的差异;一定浓度范围内,随着PEG溶液浓度的增强,柠条种子的发芽率提高,发芽速度加快。据文献报道,当PEG处理的强度达到一定水平时,会对种子的萌发产生抑制作用,但本试验还没有得到对柠条种子产生抑制作用的PEG浓度。     

Associations of simple sequence repeats with quantitative trait variation including biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in Hordeum spontaneum

A total of 33 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) was analyzed in 52 genotypes of Hordeum spontaneum originally collected from two different soil types (Terra rossa and Basalt) at Tabigha in Israel. Data on the performance of developmental, morphological, and yield‐related traits under well‐watered control and water‐stress conditions were available from previous experimentation, and powdery mildew susceptibility was scored. Regression analyses based on SSR allele class differences were performed. Highly significant associations were detected at the SSR loci Bmac181 (on chromosome 4H) and Bmac316 (6H) for water ‐stress tolerance and powdery mildew resistance, respectively. The study shows that association mapping using SSRs and genetically diverse germplasm provides an effective means of relating genotypes to complex quantitative phenotypes.     

植物响应水分胁迫的分子机制研究进展

水分胁迫是影响植物生长发育及农作物产量和品质的主要限制因子.论述植物响应水分胁迫的分子机制,其信号转导整个过程包括细胞感知水分胁迫信号、胁迫信号的传递、第二信使激活一些相关的转录因子、转录因子与顺式元件相瓦作用诱导基因的表达.在水分胁迫起始信号和靶基因表达之间至少存在4条独立的信号转导途径,包括两条ABA依赖型和两条非...     

Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). I. Plant water status and the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence

Summary The slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Constant and variable fluorescence (F _o andF _v respectively) declined with time in plants from both irrigated and droughted treatments, but the decline was greater in droughted than irrigated plants. However, the yield of variable fluorescence (F _v/(F _o+F _v)) was unaffected by the drought treatment. The main effect of drought was upon the quenching of variable fluorescence. Both the half life of the decay of variable fluorescence (q_1/2) and the secondary maximum (M) were significantly greater in the droughted plants than in those from the irrigated treatment. Significant differences between genotypes were found forF _v/(F _o+F _v),M andq _1/2. Genotype-by-treatment interactions were non-significant for all the variables examined. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence transients were not closely related to changes in leaf water potential.     

Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). II. Relations between plant growth and measurements of fluorescence

Summary Relations between measurements of the slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence and growth and yield were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Drought reduced total dry matter production and yields and increased tuber dry matter concentration. Drought increased harvest index in cv. Spunta, but decreased it in cv. Pentland Crown. Total dry matter production was correlated with each of constant fluorescence, variable fluorescence and the half life of the decay in variable fluorescence. These correlations were determined largely by the effect of treatment, and did not discriminate effectively between genotypes within a treatment.     

Analysis of the ozone effect on soybean in the Mediterranean region: II. The consequences on growth, yield and water use efficiency

Soybean plants were subjected, during their growing seasons, to well-watered and water-stressed conditions, and three levels of ozone concentration (zero, low and high) in open top chambers (OTCs). At the end of the soybean growing season accumulated AOT40 values were zero, 3400 and 9000 ppb h for the filtered (control), low and high levels of ozone concentration, respectively.

In well-watered conditions, an increase in ozone concentration led to a reduction in leaf area, dry matter and reproductive organs. Whereas, an increase in ozone had no effect on plants in water-stressed conditions. At a high level of ozone concentration, there was a 47% reduction in yield and a 25% reduction in WUE in comparison with the control treatment. The reduction in yield was due to a lower number of pods per plant and 1000-grain weight. Despite changes in the grain yield, the yield quality was not altered by ozone.

During the 3-year study, AOT40 was significantly correlated with the leaf area and the final above-ground dry matter. The latter was less sensitive to ozone than leaf area. These results were reliable and would be useful in soybean yield-prediction models.

Finally, the conclusion highlights the reliability of the approach adopted, which was to make observations on various time scales (hourly, daily and entire crop cycle).     

PEG胁迫方法评价棉花幼苗耐旱性研究

分别选用8个陆地棉、2个海岛棉、2个亚洲棉品种作为材料进行耐旱水平试验,以PEG6000作为水分胁迫剂,对棉花种子萌发期、芽期、子叶期和真叶期材料分别进行处理,得出了耐旱水平变化曲线,结果验证棉花耐旱性鉴定关键时期应在3～6片真叶幼苗.用不同浓度PEG6000对具有3～6片真叶的棉花幼苗进行12 h连续处理后,统计其成活率.研究表明:PEG6000溶液浓度为17%(W/V)时,棉花幼苗的成活率与田间旱棚鉴定结果有较高的一致性.此方法简单、快速,易操作,基本可用于棉花品种的耐旱性评价与鉴定工作,并将为棉花耐旱分子生物学研究奠定基础.     

橡胶树籽苗期根系的几项生理参数：兼论与籽苗芽接成活的关系

不同物候期橡胶籽苗根系的几项有关生理参数存在明显的差异。在正常供水条件下,籽苗根系的呼吸速率,以去氢酶为指标的根系活力以及抗坏血酸含量都以伸长期的为最大,展叶期的次之,变色期的最小;细胞过氧化产物丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶比活性及相对透性则反之,以伸长期的为最小,展叶期和变色期的相近。经0.15 mol/L 甘露醇溶液模拟水分胁迫处理后,不同物候期籽苗间的各生理参数同样存在明显差异,且各参数的大小(含量或活性)顺序,益显得分明。本实验结果说明:籽苗在不同生长发育阶段,由于种子贮藏营养物质的不断消耗枯竭,致使根系存在生理上的差异,变色期籽苗表现生理活性相对较差,因此影响了对地上部水分的充分供应,这可能是变色期橡胶籽苗芽接成活率低的根系力面的原因之一。