Different biological behaviour of Waldenström macroglobulinemia in two dogs

Waldenström Macroglobulinemia is a low‐grade immunosecretory disorder associated with lymphoid tumours, which is rarely reported in veterinary medicine. In this study, we describe two clinical cases of this rare syndrome in dogs, each characterized by a different onset and clinical course. In one case, a hyperacute onset and aggressive behaviour of the neoplasm was observed. Absolute serum viscosity (SV) was retrospectively evaluated in order to explain clinical findings. Rotational viscosimetry showed good precision in measuring SV. Both dogs had SV values higher than a control groups of healthy dogs although only one subject developed hyperviscosity symptoms and complications. At high paraprotein concentrations, a slight reduction of the M‐component was associated with a marked decrease in SV. Thus, this work suggests that SV assessment is a relevant tool for managing monoclonal gammopathies, whose usefulness should be further confirmed in larger cohorts of dogs.     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

粗酶制剂对雏鹅小肠食糜粘度和pH的影响

18只 7日龄雏鹅 ,随机分成对照和试验两组。饲以大麦 (占 45 % )基础日粮 ,试验组添加 0 .1%的Biokyowa粗酶制剂。实验期为 7～ 2 1日龄 ,2 1日龄屠宰 ,测定小肠食糜中的粘度和pH值。结果显示 :对照组雏鹅小肠各段食糜粘度依十二指肠、空肠和回肠次序向后逐渐显著增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,十二指肠食糜的粘度较空肠和回肠食糜分别低 17.6 1%(P <0 .0 1)和 37.15 % (P <0 .0 1) ,而十二指肠食糜pH值则较空肠和回肠分别低 0 .75 % (P >0 .0 5 )和 5 .92 % (P >0 .0 5 )。试验组各段小肠食糜上清的粘度变化趋势与对照一致 ,十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜的粘度较对照组分别低 17.6 1%(P <0 .0 1)、37.15 % (P <0 .0 1)和 5 9.46 % (P <0 .0 1) ;十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜的pH值与较对照组分别低 4.2 1%、4.18%和 3 .79% ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。以上结果表明 :酶制剂通过解除饲料中β -葡聚糖等抗营养因子对消化的负面作用 ,改变了小肠食糜中理化特性 ,从而影响其化学性消化和吸收 ,提高了机体饲料的转化效率 ,有利于雏鹅的生长。     

黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度特性的研究

了解壳聚糖溶解特性,对其应用及产品开发有重要意义。分别以甲酸、乙酸、盐酸为溶剂配制成一定浓度的黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液。测定了不同情况下黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度的变化情况,试验结果表明:(1)黄粉虫壳聚糖溶液黏度随溶液浓度的增加而增加;(2)溶液黏度随存放时间的延长而降低;(3)溶液黏度随温度的升高而降低;(4)溶液黏度随溶剂中酸浓度增加和酸性增强而下降。     

Effects of Cultivar and Environment on β-(1,3)-(1,4)-D-glucan Content and Acid Extract Viscosity of Spanish Barleys

The acid extract viscosities and β-glucan contents of ten two- and six-rowed barley cultivars grown at seven locations in three consecutive years in Spain were studied in the present work. The viscosities varied from 2·4 to 24·8 centistokes (cSt) and the mean value was 6·4 cSt. The average β-glucan content of barleys determined by HPLC was 3·5% with a range of 1·9–5·5%. Significant differences were found in both β-glucan content and acid extract viscosity between different cultivars, locations and years. The β-glucan contents and viscosities of winter cultivars were higher than those of spring. Cvs. Barbarrosa and Hatif de Grignon were the genotypes with the highest values for both parameters, while cv. Beka had the lowest viscosity and β-glucan content. Environmental factors influenced both parameters. The acid extract viscosities of barleys were correlated negatively with the amount of precipitation (r=−0·754;P<0·05). Barleys grown in wet and rainy areas (Girona and La Coruña) had lower viscosity values.     

两个籼稻品种垩白对稻米蒸煮食味与营养品质的影响

以冈优527(杂交籼稻)和窄叶青8号(常规籼稻)为材料,研究垩白对稻米蒸煮食味品质及营养品质的影响。与非垩白米相比,冈优527垩白米的直链淀粉含量极显著升高,最终黏度、消减值、回复值显著升高,胶稠度、峰值黏度、崩解值显著降低,RVA谱的其余指标无显著变化。窄叶青8号垩白米与非垩白米的上述各指标间无显著差异。窄叶青8号垩白米的粗蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米,而冈优527垩白米的粗蛋白含量与非垩白米相比无显著变化。2个品种垩白米的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、赖氨酸含量与非垩白米间无显著差异, 但谷蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米。     

支链醇对生物柴油低温性能的影响研究

研究了用大豆油、甲醇和一种支链醇作为原料来制备含有脂肪酸支链醇酯的生物柴油,其中支链醇为异丙醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇中的一种.特别考察了反应时间、温度、催化剂和异丙醇与甲醇物质的量之比等因素对产物中脂肪酸异丙酯(IPE)含量的影响.用异丙醇和甲醇混合制备生物柴油,异丙酯的GC含量可达50%以上,但发现异丙酯的GC含量高于20%时,甘油不易分离.测定了IPE不同含量产物的黏度、冷凝点和冷滤点,发现其黏度比用纯甲酯制得的生物柴油略高,其冷凝点和冷滤点与之相比降低幅度可达5～8℃.     

马尾松硫酸盐浆两段氧脱木质素最佳工艺条件的研究

研究了马尾松硫酸浆两段氧脱木质素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，第一段氧脱木质素的条件为：氧压0．6MPa，温度100℃，时间80min,NaOH 量5％，MgSO4用量0．5％，浆浓10％；第二段氧脱木质素的条件为：氧压0．4MPa，温度90℃，时间60min，NaOH用量3％，MgSO4用量0．5％，浆浓10％。在此条件下，OIOⅡ木质素脱除率达到72．5％，粘度775．2cm^3/g,得率90．5％。经过氧脱木质素后浆的裂断长5．8km，耐破指数5．3kPa.m^2/g，撕裂指数12．7mN.m^2/g。     

棉籽粉流变特性的研究

用毛细管流变仪研究了棉籽粉的流变特性。实验结果表明：棉籽粉呈现很强的非牛顿性，剪切速率、温度和含水率对表观粘度影响显著；表观粘度随剪切速率的增大而减小，随温度的升高而减小，随含水率的增大而减小。文中还提出了棉籽粉的粘度模型和半经验公式。     

软红冬小麦品质性状与饼干直径的关系

以57份软红冬小麦品种(系)为材料,通过测定出粉率、面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量、溶剂保持力和RVA参数等指标,研究了小麦品质性状与饼干直径的关系。结果表明,品种(系)间的品质性状和饼干直径变异较大。在16个品质性状中,有11个与饼干直径呈显著或极显著相关,其中碳酸钠SRC、水SRC、蔗糖SRC与饼干直径的相关最密切,相关系数分别为-0.8643(P0.01)、-0.8579(P0.01)和-0.7566(P0.01),可作为饼干品质的筛选指标。采用最短距离法对57份小麦品种(系)的饼干直径进行聚类分析,结果聚为3大类及若干亚类,3大类饼干平均直径分别为16.75、15.14和18.45cm。筛选出9个饼干直径超过宁麦9号的种质资源,可作为优质饼干小麦品种选育的中间材料加以利用。