植物群落的内禀冗余

植物落处于各种扰动之中，扰动导致群落的总体功能降低，为适应各种形式的扰动，群落的功能补偿作用就发生了，并由此产生了生长冗余，组分冗余及内颤冗余，内禀冗余是植物群落中组分冗余的一种特殊形式，是对波动的环境及人为或动物扰动适应的结果，是落功能最大化的产物，内禀冗余的作用是使群落多样性，物种多样性得以保持，使群落对各种扰动的抵抗能力增强，在一定条件下，内禀冗余阻碍了群落中当前有益物种产量最大限度地实现，但从生态学观点看，它对植物群落中目标物种的持续较高水平的输出具有重要作用，因此，保留以内禀冗余形式存在的非目标植物种对群落的稳定是有益的。     

Strong functional stability of soil microbial communities under semiarid Mediterranean conditions and subjected to long-term shifts in baseline precipitation

We investigated the effect of soil microclimate on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a Mediterranean Holm-oak forest subjected to 10 years of partial rain exclusion manipulations, simulating average drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades. We applied a high throughput DNA pyrosequencing technique coupled to parallel measurements of microbial respiration (R_H) and temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration (Q₁₀). Some consistent changes in the structure of bacterial communities suggest a slow process of community shifts parallel to the trend towards oligotrophy in response to long-term droughts. However, the structure of bacterial communities was mainly determined by short-term environmental fluctuations associated with sampling date (winter, spring and summer) rather than long-term (10 years) shifts in baseline precipitation. Moreover, long-term drought did not exert any chronic effect on the functioning of soil microbial communities (R_H and Q₁₀), emphasizing the functional stability of these communities to this long-term but mild shifts in water availability. We hypothesize that the particular conditions of the Mediterranean climate with strong seasonal shifts in both temperature and soil water availability but also characterized by very extreme environmental conditions during summer, was acting as a strong force in community assembling, selecting phenotypes adapted to the semiarid conditions characterizing Mediterranean ecosystems. Relations of climate with the phylogenetic structure and overall diversity of the communities as well as the distribution of the individual responses of different lineages (genera) to climate confirmed our hypotheses, evidencing communities dominated by thermotolerant and drought-tolerant phenotypes.     

Soil conditions and land use intensification effects on soil microbial communities across a range of European field sites

Intensive land use practices necessary for providing food and raw materials are known to have a deleterious effect on soil. However, the effects that such practices have on soil microbes are less well understood. To investigate the effects of land use intensification on soil microbial communities we used a combined T-RFLP and pyrosequencing approach to study bacteria, archaea and fungi in spring and autumn at five long term observatories (LTOs) in Europe; each with a particular land use type and contrasting levels of intensification (low and high). Generally, due to large gradients in soil variables, both molecular methods revealed that soil microbial communities were structured according to differences in soil conditions between the LTOs, more so than land use intensity. Moreover, variance partitioning analysis also showed that soil properties better explained the differences in microbial communities than land use intensity effects. Predictable responses in dominant bacterial, archaeal and fungal taxa to edaphic conditions (e.g. soil pH and resource availability) were apparent between the LTOs. Some effects of land use intensification at individual field sites were observed. However, these effects were manifest when land use change affected soil conditions. Uniquely, this study details the responses of different microbial groups to soil type and land use intensification, and their relative importance across a range of European field sites. These findings reinforce our understanding of drivers impacting soil microbial community structure at both field and larger geographic scales.     

吉林省农村社区家政教育发展困境及路径选择

在介绍吉林省农村社区开展家政教育工作现状的基础上,指出了制约其进一步发展的困境,分析了教育实施中的内在动力、机制和体系方面存在的不足,并提出了完善农村社区家政教育发展的对策。     

祁连山不同类型草地土壤细菌群落特征研究

祁连山是我国西部重要的生态屏障,拥有大量的草地资源。研究草地土壤细菌群落组成及其与土壤环境因子间的关系,可对维持草地生态及了解祁连山土壤细菌群落组成提供一定的数据基础。采用高通量测序技术检测并分析了祁连山默勒镇3种类型草地 （高寒草甸、人工草地、沼泽化草甸）0~10 cm土壤细菌群落结构及多样性,并对上述土壤细菌群落与土壤理化因子的相关性进行了系统的研究。结果表明：1）沼泽化草甸土壤全氮、全磷、有机质碳、含水量和硝态氮显著高于高寒草甸和人工草地（P<0.05）。2）3地共测得有效序列1022446条,以97%的一致性将序列聚类,高寒草甸、人工草地、沼泽化草甸OTU聚类均值分别是4917、5233、5075条。3）Shannon和Simpson多样性指数3地间差异不显著,Chao1指数表现为人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸（P<0.05）。4）在门水平上,3地均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和浮霉菌门为主要类群;在属水平上,表现出不同类型草地细菌富集类型不同。5）有机质碳、全磷、土壤含水量与土壤细菌群落的组成表现出极显著相关（P<0.01）。综上,祁连山地区小生境内3种草地土壤微生物群落存在差异,有机质碳、全磷、土壤含水量是影响群落的主要驱动因子。     

自然保护区及周边社区区域可持续发展评价研究——以海南铜鼓岭自然保护区及周边社区区域为例

在研究区域可持续发展理论基础上,构建自然保护区及周边社区区域的可持续发展指标体系,并以海南铜鼓岭自然保护区及周边社区区域为例,验证了研究区域的可持续发展总体水平不高,揭示了研究区域的资源环境子系统、人口子系统与铜鼓岭自然保护系统之间的协调性不高,具体体现在资源环境子系统对自然保护区的环境压力。     

川西北不同沙化程度草地土壤细菌群落特征

研究川西北不同沙化程度草地（未沙化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度沙化草地、重度沙化草地）土壤细菌多样性和群落结构特征,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16 SrRNA V₃—V₄可变区进行测序,研究土壤细菌多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理养分探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素,对发挥土壤潜在肥力,了解土壤健康状况,实现该区植被的管理与可持续利用有着重要的意义。结果表明:（1）不同沙化草地土壤养分具有明显差异,依次表现为:随着沙化程度的增加,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷逐渐降低;（2）不同沙化程度草地土壤样品中共检测到细菌的32个门,65个纲,169个目,优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）,主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、浮霉菌纲（Planctomycetacia）,与沙化草地相比,未沙化草地优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;（3）随着沙化程度的增加,OUT数目、Chao指数、Ace指数、Shannon指数逐渐减小,其中不同沙化草地土壤细菌覆盖率和Simpson指数差异不显著（p > 0.05）;（4）冗余分析和Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤pH值、土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）是土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的主要影响因子。     

PCR-DGGE技术用于猪场沼气池细菌群落分析的条件优化

本研究采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术研究猪场沼气池细菌群落,对基于16S rDNAV3区的PCR-DGGE电泳的最佳变性剂梯度范围、电泳时间、染色时间进行优化。研究结果表明,最佳变性剂梯度范围为35%～60%,电泳时间为12h,SYBR Green Fluorescent Dye染料的染色时间是30min,优化后的PCR-DGGE确保了实验的准确性、灵敏度和可重复性。运用此优化后的PCR-DGGE技术对5个猪场沼液细菌群落进行了研究,获得了较丰富的多样性。该实验为深入研究畜禽养殖粪污治理的菌种筛选奠定了基础。     

不同磷肥用量对水稻土有机碳矿化和细菌群落多样性的影响

以水稻田田间定位试验为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱技术(3D EEMs)和454测序技术,采集4个施磷水平(0、30、60、90 kg hm-2a-1)土壤,测定其有机碳矿化、溶解有机碳(DOC)组成和结构特征及细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。结果显示:水田施磷增加了土壤速效磷(Olsen-P),从而提高了土壤DOC含量,加速了有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量。3D EEMs结果表明,施磷分别显著增加了荧光指数和鲜度指数值1%~10%和3%~21%,而降低了腐殖化指数,且与土壤生化性质(Olsen-P、DOC和β-葡萄糖苷酶)具有显著相关性。说明施磷通过提高Olsen-P,促进了微生物源DOC的生成,同时降低了DOC的芳香化程度、分子量及腐殖化程度,从而提高了DOC生物可降解性。同时,施磷提高了细菌群落的丰度和多样性,特别是磷诱导了多种具有碳降解功能细菌的增加,从而加速了复杂有机碳的降解和甲烷氧化。此外,主成分分析表明稻田磷素施用量在30~60 kg hm-2a-1时对土壤有机碳矿化及细菌群落多样性的提高作用最为明显。因此,适度施磷能显著提高涉碳降解微生物的活性,从而提高DOC的生物可降解性,加速有机碳的矿化速率,促进稻田土壤有机碳循环。     

晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落的土壤分形特征

为研究晋西黄土丘陵区不同植物群落与土壤结构特性和入渗特性的关系,探索土壤结构的定量化描述,运用分形学原理和方法,研究晋西黄土丘陵区油松纯林、刺槐纯林、油松＋刺槐混交林、侧柏纯林、黄刺玫灌丛、柠条灌丛及荒地7种植物群落的土壤分形维数与土壤质地、密度、孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率的关系.结果表明：1）植物群落具有改善土壤颗粒结构的作用,其改善作用以针阔混交林（油松＋刺槐混交林）最好,阔叶林（刺槐纯林、黄刺玫纯林）次之,针叶林（油松纯林、侧柏纯林）最低.2）研究区土壤颗粒分形维数在2.799 ～ 2.805之间,黏粒（＜0.002mm）质量分数偏高.3）土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤黏粒质量分数呈显著正相关关系,与土壤砂粒（2.00～0.02 mm）质量分数、土壤总孔隙度、含水量及饱和导水率呈显著负相关关系.因此,土壤颗粒分形维数可以表征土壤结构特性和入渗特性的好坏.不同的植物群落对土壤的改良效果不同,研究结果可为研究区域植树造林提供参考依据.