臭氧和紫外线对冰箱消毒的研究

家用冰箱存在着不同程度的细菌污染，必需对冰箱进行定期或不定期的消毒。经用载体法和平皿法研究发现，用紫外线对冰箱进行消毒是可行的，其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞有较强的杀灭作用，而且不会引起冰箱内温度升高。同时还可产生少量Ｑ，除去冰箱内异味，因此具有杀菌、抑菌、除臭保鲜的作用。     

自由曲面前照灯近光配光的防眩目研究

从驾驶员心理学和生理学角度探讨了汽车夜间会车时眩目的机理．由于传统的前照灯配光设计停留在二维的层面上，设计周期长，且配光效果差，很难达到防眩目的要求．本文通过Reflector CAD软件反求出了符合ECE法规配光要求的自由曲面前照灯反射镜的三维模型，该模型可以直接用于数控程序的编制，减小了前照灯的设计成本和设计周期，利用TracePro软件对模型进行近光配光的仿真实验，通过光线追踪的方法避免了实际配光实验时调整反射镜配光所需的反复制造过程，同时又保证了前照灯防眩目的效果。     

Food intake and energy expenditure in growing cats with and without a predisposition to overweight

Overweight and obesity are multifactorial diseases caused by an imbalance in energy metabolism. An underlying genetic predisposition is often a factor in these conditions. In the cat breeding family of the Institute of Animal Nutrition at the Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, a segregating overweight phenotype with a genetic contribution was observed. From this breeding family, 26 kittens were followed from birth up to 8 months of age. During this time, food intake was measured using an automatic feeding station, and energy expenditure was investigated using indirect calorimetry at the ages of 4 and 6 months. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was performed and blood glucose, leptin and insulin were measured at the ages of 4, 6 and 8 months. The kittens were also weighed daily for the first 2 weeks of life, every second day until weaning and once per week until 8 months of age. The body condition score (BCS) was evaluated monthly between 2 and 8 months of age. The main finding of this study is that a predisposition to overweight is connected to a higher food intake early in life, with no significant alterations in energy expenditure. The leptin blood levels were related to body fat percentage, and insulin sensitivity did not seem to be affected.     

X射线荧光光谱法快速测定稻谷中的镉

探索了一种对稻谷中重金属镉的快速、直接的测定方法,以适用稻谷集中收购、存储和流通过程中快速检测的的需要。样品无需前处理,直接磨成粉状即可上机测定。该方法采用X射线荧光光谱分析的原理,样品中的待测元素受激产生特征X射线,并由高性能探测器接收,得到镉元素的信号强度,然后根据信号强度与浓度的比例关系,经过软件处理自动计算样品中镉的含量,20min内完成精确定量。检出限可达到0.034mg/kg,实物标样标准偏差为0.016。此方法简单快速,并且准确性高,重现性好,可广泛应用于稻谷中镉的快速检测。     

Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol

Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (P_ads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict P_ads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10^?6 m³/kg) and P_ads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors.     

Ray blight of pyrethrum in Australia: a review of the current status and future opportunities

Ray blight caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti is one of the most important diseases of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated for the extraction of insecticidal pyrethrins in Australia. The disease is responsible for complete yield loss in severe outbreaks. Infected seed is considered as the principal source of S. tanaceti. Infection hyphae remain only in the seed coat and not in the embryo, resulting in pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings and latent infection. Therefore, quantification of the level of infection by S. tanaceti within seed using a qPCR assay is important for efficient management of the disease. Stagonosporopsis tanaceti completes its life cycle within 12 days after leaf infection through production of pycnidia and can infect every tissue of the pyrethrum plant except the vascular and root tissues. Ray blight epidemics occur in pyrethrum fields through splash dispersal of pycnidiospores between adjacent plants. Besides steam sterilization, thiabendazole/thiram and fludioxonil are effective seed-treating chemicals in controlling S. tanaceti before planting begins. Ray blight is currently managed in the field through the foliar application of strobilurin fungicides in the first 1–2 years of crop establishment. Later on, difenoconazole and multisite specific fungicides in the next 2–3 years during early spring successfully reduce ray blight infestation. Avoiding development of resistance to fungicides will require more sustainable management of ray blight including the development and deployment of resistant cultivars.     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

紫外线照射对中华锯齿米虾胚胎发育的影响

自抱卵的中华锯齿米虾雌虾腹部剥离取卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期和无节幼体Ⅰ期的胚胎置于培养皿中,暴露在紫外线下,照射剂量分别为0、1、2、4、8、16 W·s/cm2,人工振荡培养箱中以速度55 r/min、温度25℃、湿度60％培养.每隔24 h在解剖镜下观察胚胎发育至48 h后进行数据分析,研究紫外线照射剂量对中华锯齿...     

印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii优良品系的选育与特性分析

为培育出藻体薄且适合在我国南方高水温海区栽培的紫菜新品种,利用~(60)Co-γ射线辐照和高温胁迫处理印度产紫菜Pyropia chauhanii野生型品系(PC-WT)的叶状体,分离出优良品系PC-M,随后通过研究2个品系在耐高温性、生长、主要光合色素含量、单孢子和壳孢子放散量等方面的差异后发现,在18和23°C温度组中,2个品系的壳孢子存活率、分裂率和假根发生率均无显著性差异,但在27和29°C温度组中,PC-M品系的壳孢子存活率比PC-WT品系分别提高了250.7%和305.4%,分裂率分别提高了42.4%和67.1%,假根发生率分别提高了86.6%和175.3%;将在23°C下培养30 d的叶状体分别置于18、23、27和29°C下培养10 d,在18、23和27°C组中,PC-M品系的叶状体绝对生长率分别是PC-WT品系的5.1、5.3和7.5倍,特定生长率分别是PC-WT品系的1.3、1.3和1.8倍;在27°C下培养15 d或在29°C下培养10 d,PC-WT品系的叶状体均放散了大量的单孢子,藻体流失严重,仅剩下基部,而PC-M品系的叶状体均没有放散单孢子、藻体形态完整、光泽好、生长速率快,培养至30 d后才发生轻微的卷曲。与PC-WT品系相比,常温组(23°C)的PC-M品系的3种主要光合色素(chl.a、藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白)含量以及壳孢子放散量分别提高了39.4%、209.8%、94.8%和36.7%,但藻体的平均厚度反而减少了31.6%。上述结果证实,与PC-WT品系相比,PC-M品系具有藻体薄、色素含量高、生长快、耐高温、壳孢子放散量大、单孢子不放散等优点,有望被培育成适宜栽培的新品种。