饲料中抗营养因子--单宁的含量分析方法

针对近年来单宁在动物营养上的最新研究成果,本文重点阐述了饲料中缩合单宁、可水解单宁和总酚类化合物的分析方法。旨在为更好地利用含单宁饲料提供参考。     

Effect of wilting,silage additive,PEG treatment and tannin content on the distribution of N between different fractions after ensiling of three different sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) varieties

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tanniniferous, leguminous plant that has potentially beneficial effects on protein utilization in ruminants. As ensiling causes protein breakdown and elevated levels of buffer soluble N (BSN), we studied the distribution of N before and after ensiling sainfoin. Three varieties of sainfoin were either direct‐cut and frozen directly or wilted and frozen before later ensiling in mini‐silos with and without acidification with Promyr (PM; an acidifying commercial mixture of propionic and formic acid) and with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG). Extractable tannins (ET) and protein‐bound tannins (PBT) were measured with an HCl/butanol method in an attempt to correlate tannin levels to N fractions. The sainfoin silages showed good ensiling characteristics and had relatively high concentrations of undegraded protein. The effect of wilting on BSN levels (g/kg N) was dependent on sainfoin variety (P < 0·001). PEG increased and PM decreased the level of BSN in the silages (P < 0·001). PM treatment also produced less non‐protein N and ammonia‐N (P < 0·05) as compared with no additive. Addition of PEG to the silage increased the BSN‐proportion 1·8‐ and 2·6‐fold for both DM stages. A strong tannin‐protein binding effect is, therefore, confirmed in sainfoin. However, correlations between tannin levels (ET and PBT) and BSN were poor in the (non‐PEG) silages, indicating either that the HCl/butanol method is unsuitable for measuring tannin in silages or that qualitative attributes of tannins are more relevant than quantitative. The HCl/butanol method seems therefore not to be useful to predict degradation of protein in sainfoin silages.     

单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

研究旨在探讨单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其胚胎发育能力的影响。在猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度（0、1、10、100 μg/mL）单宁酸培养42 h后,检测COCs的扩散程度和卵丘细胞扩散指数,统计COCs的体外成熟率,检测成熟卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和生长分化因子9（growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9）的水平,并统计孤雌激活及体外受精胚胎48和168 h的卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚总细胞数。结果显示,与对照组相比,10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵丘细胞扩散指数显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著（P>0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组GSH和GDF9水平显著提高（P<0.05）,ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05）。孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎发育能力结果显示,与对照组相比,各单宁酸组卵裂率差异不显著（P>0.05）,10 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚率及体外受精胚胎囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚细胞数及体外受精胚胎囊胚细胞数均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,10 μg/mL单宁酸可通过提高卵丘细胞扩散能力及GSH和GDF9水平、降低卵母细胞内ROS水平,改善猪卵母细胞成熟质量,提高孤雌胚胎及体外受精胚胎的发育能力。     

Impact of variation in structure of condensed tannins from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vitro ruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics

Our study investigated the effects of condensed tannins (CT) on rumen in vitro methane (CH₄) production and fermentation characteristics by incubating lucerne in buffered rumen fluid in combination with different CT extracts at 0 (control), 40, 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM. Condensed tannins were extracted from four sainfoin accessions: Rees ‘A’, CPI63763, Cotswold Common and CPI63767. Gas production (GP) was measured using a fully automated GP apparatus with CH₄ measured at distinct time points. Condensed tannins differed substantially in terms of polymer size and varied from 13 (Rees ‘A’) to 73 (CPI63767) mean degree of polymerization, but had relatively similar characteristics in terms of CT content, procyanidin: prodelphinidin (PC: PD) and cis:trans ratios. Compared to control, addition of CT from CPI63767 and CPI63763 at 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced CH₄ by 43% and 65%, and by 23% and 57%, respectively, after 24‐h incubation. Similarly, CT from Rees ‘A’ and Cotswold Common reduced CH₄ by 26% and 46%, and by 28% and 46% respectively. Addition of increasing level of CT linearly reduced the maximum rates of GP and CH₄ production, and the estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility. There was a negative linear and quadratic (p < 0.01) relation between CT concentration and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Inclusion of 80 and 120 g CT/kg of substrate DM reduced (p < 0.001) branched‐chain VFA production and acetate: propionate ratio and was lowest for CPI63767. A decrease in proteolytic activity as indirectly shown by a change in VFA composition favouring a shift towards propionate and reduction in branched‐chain VFA production varied with type of CT and was highest for CPI63767. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannin polymer size is an important factor affecting in vitro CH₄ production which may be linked to the CT interaction with dietary substrate or microbial cells.     

梯田生态经济型防护林网的配置模式与效益研究

在旱作梯田上，田面和地坎的主体蒸发效应，使靠近田埂的农作物因土壤水分不足而生长受抑的现象普遍存在。依据生态学和生态经济学原理，利用植物群落中物种在自然资源利用上的时空异质性，配置以泡桐作建群种、以紫穗槐为附属种的主防风林带和以山楂或紫穗槐组成为副防风林带，可充分占有生态位，提高自然资源利用率。在中沟流域的研究结果表明，在旱作梯田上配置生态经济型防护林网，可显著降低于热风危害，提高光能利用率１３．１％。提高土壤（０～８０ｃｍ）含水量１１％，减少梯田埂坎冲蚀量８７．５％，使土地生产率由２４００元／ｈｍ２提高到４７２５元／ｈｍ２。     

木薯不同品种朱砂叶螨抗性与其叶片内含物的关系

为揭示木薯抗朱砂叶螨机理,以2个木薯品种‘新选048’和‘桂热4号’为材料,在朱砂叶螨发生危害时期,观察不同木薯品种受害程度并对其抗螨性进行鉴定,测定叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素的含量,分析各生理指标与朱砂叶螨危害程度的关系。结果表明,‘新选048’对朱砂叶螨的抗性优于‘桂热4号’。不同木薯品种,叶片单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及叶绿素含量不同;‘新选048’叶片单宁及叶绿素含量均高于‘桂热4号’,而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量则反之;螨害指数与单宁含量、叶绿素含量呈极显著负相关,与可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈极显著正相关。木薯抗螨性与叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、单宁、叶绿素含量密切相关,这些指标可作为木薯对朱砂叶螨抗性评价的主要指标。     

不同盐度条件下秋茄根系单宁含量动态变化

对不同盐度(0‰-40‰)栽培下秋茄根的总酚、可溶性缩合单宁、结合缩合单宁、总缩合单宁的含量进行测定,探讨盐度对单宁生产的效应.结果表明:(1)不同盐度下栽培60-135d,总酚含量在相同盐度条件下随栽培时间的延长呈现出先波动而后升高的趋势,其中总酚最高含量出现在高盐度,说明一定的高盐度胁迫可以促进总酚的合成;总缩合单宁与可溶性缩合单宁含量变化趋势相似,其中可溶性缩合单宁含量显著高于结合缩合单宁.(2)在15‰盐度下栽培75-135d,秋茄根不同部位的总酚、可溶性缩合单宁、结合缩合单宁和总缩合单宁含量有相似的变化趋势,即由根尖往远离根尖的部位呈下降趋势.     

高粱的单宁含量对其营养物质利用率的影响

选用新扬州鸡成年公鸡，应用排空强饲法研究了对不同单宁含量高粱营养价值的影响。结果表明，高粱单宁含量高，对其营养物质利用影响很大，低单宁（０．０５８５％）的ｋｓ－３０４杂交高粱和高单宁（１．３４２５％）的褐高粱中干物质利用率、表观代谢能、真代谢能、总氨基酸及各种氨基酸的表观消化率均存在极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），特别是氨基酸的消化率，低单宁的杂交高粱总氨基酸及各种氨基酸的真消化率为６３．０３％～９５．３４％，而高单宁的褐高粱仅为－８．３８％～２７．９６％。     

涩柿果品加工中复涩机理研究

讨论了涩柿复涩机理及复涩时单宁细胞的变化,及影响复涩的因素:脱涩方法、原料的预处理、金属离子、pH值、加热温度及时间、高分子食品添加剂、还原剂、果实硬度。