Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

Biochemical Properties of Pelagic Fish Proteins as Affected by Isolation Methods and Gel Properties by Heating Methods

The biochemical and gel properties of Pacific sardine and Pacific mackerel were characterized as affected by preparation and cooking methods. Four to eight times more salt soluble proteins were extracted from water-washed paste than fish protein isolate (FPI) paste. Higher total sulfhydryl content was measured in FPI, indicating the exposure of sulfhydryl groups during alkaline extraction. Comparing gel properties based on two cooking methods (slow and fast), the two pelagic fish proteins performed quite differently. Heating rate did not differentiate between surimi and FPI gels from sardine. However, mackerel exhibited higher texture values when using the fast cooking method, indicating the presence of high levels of proteolytic enzymes. Water-washed surimi gels were whiter than FPI for both species. Water retention ability appeared to be higher with mackerel than sardine, regardless of isolation and cooking method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) also supported a difference in processing chemistry and thermal behavior between two methods for protein isolation and cooking, respectively.     

罗非鱼碎肉酶法制备蛋白胨的工艺研究

为探讨罗非鱼碎鱼肉酶法制备蛋白胨的加工工艺,采用正交试验的方法,分别研究了木瓜蛋白酶、AS.1398中性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶水解罗非鱼碎肉制备蛋白胨的工艺条件。结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶的最佳水解工艺条件为pH6.5,温度65℃,水解时间4h,加酶量1250 U/g,蛋白胨得率达12.63%;AS.1398中性蛋白酶最佳水解工艺条件为pH 7.5,温度55℃,水解时间4 h,加酶量750 U/g,蛋白胨得率达13.25%;复合蛋白酶的最佳水解工艺条件为pH 7.0,温度50℃,水解时间4.5 h,加酶量850 U/g,蛋白胨得率达11.43%。     

白鲢鱼糜低钠复合盐配方响应面法优化

为降低白鲢鱼糜制品中的钠盐含量,在斩拌过程中添加氯化钠、氯化钾和氯化钙3种盐类,以凝胶强度、持水性和白度为评价指标,研究三者对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法得到低钠盐优化配方.结果表明,白鲢鱼糜低钠盐的最优配方为:氯化钠质量分数1.0％、氯化钾质量分数1.0％、氯化钙质量分数0.5％,其中钠盐添加量的质量分数降低至1.0％,且复合盐总添加量的质量分数仅为2.5％.此条件下,白鲢鱼糜凝胶强度达到196.50 g·cm,持水性为76.37％,白度为75.44.     

漂洗水温对淡水鱼鱼糜蛋白质热变性的影响

以青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙、卿5种淡水鱼为研究对象，研究淡水鱼糜加工中漂洗水温对蛋白质热稳定性的影响。实验结果表明：⑴5种鱼肉经漂洗后的肌原纤维Ca^2 -ATPase活性及凝胶强度均随漂洗水温上升而降低，并且在水温达15℃时有一加速下降的转折点；⑵鲫蛋白质受漂洗水温影响最小，其余依次为草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙。     

冰藏鲢的鲜度变化对其鱼糜凝胶作用的影响

通过比较不同冰藏时间的鲢所制鱼糜在各种加热温度下的凝胶化和凝胶劣化的特性,考察了鲢的鲜度变化与鱼糜凝胶作用能力的关系。实验结果表明：冰藏０￣９天鲢鱼糜,在３０℃低温一段加热时凝胶的形成与链鲜度关系不大;８５℃一段加热时,凝胶化能力随鲜度下降而降低;３０￣８５℃二段加热与３０℃一段加热相比,两者凝胶破断强度之间的差值随鲢鲜度的下降而减小;６０℃加热条件下,凝胶劣化程度随原料鲜度下降而明显加剧。据此可见：鲜度对鲢鱼糜凝胶作用能力的影响主要表现在凝胶劣化方面。８５℃高温一段加热和３０￣８５℃二段加热的凝胶强度之所以受鲜度下降而影响,都是由于加热时经过了易劣化的６０℃温度区所致。从总体上看,鲢肉蛋白质在冰藏条件下较为稳定,保持较强的凝胶化能力。     

漂洗方式对低盐罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶性能的影响

以低盐罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,研究了不同漂洗方式对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：漂洗对低盐罗非鱼鱼糜的品质有较大影响。传统漂洗方式下的鱼糜凝胶具有最大凝胶强度,碱盐水洗和未漂洗鱼糜凝胶的强度分别次之,TCA可溶性肽的含量和鱼糜凝胶的蛋白溶解率则依次增大。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS PAGE）图谱显示传统漂洗方式制备的鱼糜拥有较宽的肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白谱带,且拥有更加致密、均一的超微结构。因此,传统漂洗方式的应用可以显著提高低盐罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶制品的品质。     

鳊鱼鱼糜保藏特性的研究

对在不同温度（-80％,-20℃,0℃,5℃）下保藏了一个月的鳊鱼鱼糜品质进行比较和研究,检测了凝胶强度、挥发性盐基氮、肌球蛋白含量,保藏效果为：一80℃效果最好,-20℃其次,0℃一般,5℃变质严重,即温度越低,保藏效果越好;通过化学作用力、凝胶溶解率、巯基含量、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）分析品质差异原因,结果发现：在鳊鱼鱼糜蛋白质构象稳定时,离子键作用力强、总巯基含量高。在品质较差的鱼糜中,疏水键和非二硫键较强。     

臭氧气浮漂洗对鲢鱼糜挥发性成分的影响

为探究臭氧气浮漂洗对鲢鱼糜的除腥效果,以鲢鱼糜为试验材料,采用电子鼻结合顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测分析传统漂洗和臭氧气浮漂洗后鲢鱼糜的挥发性成分,寻找其腥味来源。结果显示:鲢鱼糜中共检测到24种挥发性物质。与传统漂洗鱼糜相比,经过臭氧气浮漂洗后,鱼糜中挥发性成分减少,己醛、庚醛、壬醛、癸醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等对鱼腥味贡献较大物质的相对含量皆有所降低,而1-甲基-4-硝甲基-哌啶和5-甲基-2-苯基-吲哚等其他化合物并未被检测出。电子鼻的PCA分析结果与HS-SPME-GC-MS检测结果相一致。结果表明,使用臭氧气浮漂洗鱼糜相比传统漂洗可有效减轻鱼糜腥味,漂洗时间应控制在10～15 min。