PANS Plant Growth Regulator Index: A List of Chemical,Coded, Common and Trade Names

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were carried out on populations of the leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Psyllidae) and two parasitoids, Psyllaephagus yaseeni (Encyrtidae) and Tamarixia leucaenae (Eulophidae) to determine to what extent the parasitoids compete. When both parasitoids were introduced to caged populations of the psyllid, fewer mummies were produced than when equivalent numbers of P. yaseeni alone were introduced. Multiparasitism was confirmed by dissection. The extent of multiparasitism was found to be dependent on the number of unparasitized psyllid nymphs available to T. leucaenae. Behavioural observations indicated that T. leucaenae tends to avoid searching and ovipositing on plants previously exposed to P. yaseeni. Superparasitism occurs in P. yaseeni but the distribution of attacks suggests that females discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized hosts and avoid ovipositing in the former. Superparasitism by T. leucaenae is very rare and was not recorded In this study.     

过寄生对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂不同程度过寄生对其自身生物学特性的影响。菜蛾绒茧蜂一次寄生行为一般只产一粒卵，过寄生情况下，寄生体内蜂幼有物理竞争现象。对菜蛾绒茧蜂存活率、发育历期、成蜂寿命，性比，产卵量及雌蜂前翅长进行考察发现，同独寄生相比，过寄生对该蜂的生长发育不利，且不利影响随每寄主体内蜂幼个体数的增加而加重。     

Effect of host diet on the development of the solitary egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella

Effect of host diet on the development time, mortality and adult size of the solitary koinobiont egg-larval parasitoidChelonus oculator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was examined in superparasitizedEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The experiment at a tritrophic level was conducted at 25±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity. Eggs ofE. kuehniella were parasitized one, two and three times by the parasitoid, and the hosts containing different numbers of parasitoid eggs were reared in two different host diets. As host diets, a 2:1 mixture of wheat flour and rough wheat bran (HD1) and a 2:1:0.25:0.50:0.25:0.25 mixture of rough wheat bran, corn flour, dry yeast, honey, milk powder, glycerin (HD2) were used. Unlike in the HD1 treatment, development times of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the number of eggs per host in the HD2 treatment. In addition, all development times of the parasitoid in the HD2 treatment were found to be significantly shorter than those of the parasitoid in the HD1 treatment. The mortality of the parasitoid was similar on both host diets, regardless of the number of eggs per host. However, superparasitism decreased the parasitoid eclosion in both host diet treatments. As well as mortality, when the size of the adult parasitoid was not affected by the host diet differences with the same number of eggs per host, superparasitism significantly decreased the size of the parasitoid in both host diet treatments. The findings of this investigation confirm that there is a significant interaction between host diet and the third trophic level, the parasitoid. Thus, effects of host diets at tritrophic levels should be incorporated into models of superparasitism. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 22, 2006.     

烟蚜茧蜂种内寄主识别与内部竞争

为明确寄生桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的单性内寄生蜂烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead的种内识别与内部竞争,研究测定不同寄主密度对烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂卵的分布影响,以及不同产卵时间间隔对自身和同种寄主识别、种内内部竞争的影响。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂在寄主密度为30头以下时,过寄生率高于31.16%;而寄主密度为50头以上时,过寄生率低于6.64%。在24 h以上的产卵时间间隔下,烟蚜茧蜂的自身过寄生率高于37.04%,而同种过寄生率在22.45%~25.93%之间;而且龄期较高的幼虫在种内内部竞争中获胜的概率高于72.00%。表明烟蚜茧蜂在低寄主密度下倾向于过寄生,在高寄主密度下有避免过寄生的趋势;烟蚜茧蜂倾向于自身过寄生,而对同种过寄生表现出一种产卵限制;在烟蚜茧蜂的种内内部竞争中,龄期较高的幼虫一般具有优势。     

小菜蛾内寄生蜂--菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争

在室内（25±1）℃,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫为初始寄主,对过寄生后,小菜蛾幼虫内寄生蜂--菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争进行了研究。当2头雌蜂同时寄生（10 min内）同一头寄主,2 d后几乎同时孵化的茧蜂幼虫总有一头1龄幼虫利用发达的角质化上颚攻击同类竞争者。当两次寄生间隔时间为24、48和72 h时,先寄生的茧蜂幼虫分别以86.7%,95.0%和96.9%的比例在发育中占据优势,1龄幼虫使用上颚将后孵化的初孵幼虫杀死,或直接攻击蜂卵致使包囊、黑化的发生,此时物理攻击发挥主要作用,并可能通过先寄生者释放畸形细胞、水解酶等生理抑制方式完全阻碍后产入的蜂卵的发育。当两次寄生间隔时间长达96或120 h,因寄主已不适合茧蜂的再次产卵寄生,致使过寄生率由100%分别下降为69.4%和60.7%;已发生过寄生的个体中,80.0%以上以先寄生者吐丝、结茧化蛹,后寄生者则伴随被过寄生寄主的死亡而不能完成发育。以上结果表明,当种内竞争发生时,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂可通过物理攻击和生理抑制两种途径排除同类竞争者,竞争结果主要取决于雌蜂2次寄生的先后顺序。     

野外环境中斑痣悬茧蜂的产卵选择行为

为探究寄生蜂寄生率与寄主密度的依赖方式及其与寄生蜂搜寻选择寄主行为的关联,以斜纹夜蛾幼虫为寄主在大豆田进行了斑痣悬茧蜂野外释放-回收试验。结果表明:寄生率与寄主密度的依赖关系不是固定不变的,而是存在一个密度阈值(≈8头.株-1),在低于此阈值的密度范围内,寄生率随密度增大而明显降低;高于此密度阈值时,寄生率保持约50%的水平。采用跨栏模型分析寄主体质量对寄生概率和过寄生程度的影响表明,寄生率随寄主体型(用体质量表示)增大而降低,但寄主体型大小对过寄生程度(用寄主体内的卵数表示)没有显著影响,过寄生率为23.9%。根据研究结果推测,斑痣悬茧蜂在大豆植株上对寄主幼虫的搜寻采取随机方式,在寄生健康寄主时依据寄主体型大小评价寄主,但在过寄生时并不依据寄主体型大小。     

棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead)]对棉蚜不同虫态寄生选择的研究

研究表明,棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica(Ashmead)]喜好寄生棉蚜2、3龄若蚜,寄生率分别为78.8％和87.2％;对4龄若蚜的寄生率为10.6％;1龄若蚜的寄生率仅为5％;棉蚜茧蜂一般不选择有翅蚜作为寄主。随着供蚜量的增加,未被寄生的蚜虫百分率从21.3％上升至63％;过寄生率从55.1％下降至8.37％;废卵率从53.1％降至7.9％。棉蚜茧蜂对健康棉蚜和被寄生过的棉蚜不能完全识别,存在过寄生现象。     

影响两种蚜茧蜂日产卵量因素的研究

本文以桃蚜为寄主,研究了寄主密度、接蜂时间和环境温度对烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂的日产卵量及寄生率的影响。结果表明3种因素均对两种蚜茧蜂的产卵量有不同程度的影响。两种蚜茧蜂的日产卵量随寄主密度增加而增加,在27～32℃时,烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂活动频繁,羽化后第一天的产卵量多于低温(≤23℃)下的产卵量,从第二天起日产卵量下降,说明持续高温不利于雌蜂产卵。本研究认为:人工繁殖烟蚜茧峰时,温度为23℃,寄生蜂与寄主比为1:100的条件较为适宜。     

寄主大小及寄生顺序对蝇蛹佣小蜂寄生策略的影响

寄主大小模型认为寄生蜂后代性比与寄主大小相关,寄生蜂倾向于在大寄主上产出更多雌性后代,在小寄主上产出更多雄性后代。探讨了以家蝇蛹为寄主时,蝇蛹佣小蜂后代产量和性比变化;单次寄生情况下,寄主大小及寄生顺序对寄生蜂后代性比等影响。结果表明,蝇蛹佣小蜂的产卵期为(8.93±3.34) d,单头雌蜂能产雌性后代(34.11±16.34)头和雄性后代(11.04±8.87)头,且雄性百分比为0.24±0.11。随成蜂日龄的增大,寄生蜂产生雄性后代的比率显著增加。蝇蛹佣小蜂在寄生家蝇蛹时,会优先选择寄生个体较大的蛹;在单次寄生的情况下,蝇蛹佣小蜂倾向于在较大的家蝇蛹内产出更多的雌性后代。     

两种赤眼蜂过寄生及其对过寄生适应能力的比较

室内以米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵为寄主研究了玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae和松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi过寄生及其对子蜂大小和性比的影响。结果发现,在蜂卵1∶3的接蜂比例下,两种蜂均有过寄生发生,其中松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生2次的比例达到45.5%,显著高于其它寄生次数发生的比例。寄生次数显著影响羽化卵率及羽化蜂的雌性比,蜂种、寄生次数/单卵出蜂数均显著影响羽化蜂的体长。单卵羽化出1头蜂的体长显著大于单卵羽化出2头或3头蜂的体长;单卵羽化2头或3头时,松毛虫赤眼蜂体长显著大于对应羽化蜂数的玉米螟赤眼蜂体长。当单卵育出1头蜂时,两种蜂对应性别体长不存在显著差异,但同时羽化出雌雄蜂时,松毛虫赤眼蜂的雌雄蜂体长（雌蜂0.43mm,雄蜂0.38mm）显著大于单卵育出的玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对应性别蜂的体长（雌蜂0.38mm,雄蜂0.35mm）。这些结果表明,与松毛虫赤眼蜂相比,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对过寄生的适应能力较弱,且其子代雌蜂发育受过寄生的影响较大。