试析我国竞争情报研究

随着信息社会的发展,竞争情报研究倍受人们的关注。本文概括了我国竞争情报研究的现状并予以分析,同时对我国竞争情报研究的发展趋势进行了初步的探讨。     

Shelf-Life of Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) from Northern Australian Waters

Abstract

The shelf-life of Spanish mackerel caught by line fishing in Northern Australian waters was evaluated. Spiked fish were stored in ice either headed and gutted or left uncut and subjected to sensory, nucleotide, pH, histamine and microbial analysts and the rigor pattern recorded. There was little difference between the two product forms. Rigor in uncut fish lasted for 14 ± 9.8 hours and in headed and gutted fish for 19.6 ± 16.3 hours. Spanish mackerel retained good sensory quality for up to 14 days. The bacterial load reached 105 cfu/g by 18 days. K values were low for most of the storage time, < 40%. Histamine levels did not develop more than 10 mg/kg during storage. The pH of Spanish mackerel did not change much even though bacterial levels become high.     

Emerging issues in genomic selection

Genomic selection (GS) is now practiced successfully across many species. However, many questions remain, such as long-term effects, estimations of genomic parameters, robustness of genome-wide association study (GWAS) with small and large datasets, and stability of genomic predictions. This study summarizes presentations from the authors at the 2020 American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) symposium. The focus of many studies until now is on linkage disequilibrium between two loci. Ignoring higher-level equilibrium may lead to phantom dominance and epistasis. The Bulmer effect leads to a reduction of the additive variance; however, the selection for increased recombination rate can release anew genetic variance. With genomic information, estimates of genetic parameters may be biased by genomic preselection, but costs of estimation can increase drastically due to the dense form of the genomic information. To make the computation of estimates feasible, genotypes could be retained only for the most important animals, and methods of estimation should use algorithms that can recognize dense blocks in sparse matrices. GWASs using small genomic datasets frequently find many marker-trait associations, whereas studies using much bigger datasets find only a few. Most of the current tools use very simple models for GWAS, possibly causing artifacts. These models are adequate for large datasets where pseudo-phenotypes such as deregressed proofs indirectly account for important effects for traits of interest. Artifacts arising in GWAS with small datasets can be minimized by using data from all animals (whether genotyped or not), realistic models, and methods that account for population structure. Recent developments permit the computation of P-values from genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), where models can be arbitrarily complex but restricted to genotyped animals only, and single-step GBLUP that also uses phenotypes from ungenotyped animals. Stability was an important part of nongenomic evaluations, where genetic predictions were stable in the absence of new data even with low prediction accuracies. Unfortunately, genomic evaluations for such animals change because all animals with genotypes are connected. A top-ranked animal can easily drop in the next evaluation, causing a crisis of confidence in genomic evaluations. While correlations between consecutive genomic evaluations are high, outliers can have differences as high as 1 SD. A solution to fluctuating genomic evaluations is to base selection decisions on groups of animals. Although many issues in GS have been solved, many new issues that require additional research continue to surface.     

Asymmetric Exhaustive Service Polling System with Bernoulli Feedback

This paper studies asymmetric exhaustive service polling system with Bernoulli feedback,gives the distributions of queue lengths and sojoun times,and obtains some other results,in stationary condition.     

降低471QE发动机排气温度的试验研究

分析了造成471QE发动机排气温度高的原因,提出对471QE发动机气缸盖改进设计的技术措施,并进行有针对性的试验研究。通过试验分析得出了燃烧室容积、点火提前角、燃烧室结构和气缸盖冷却水道内表面粗糙度对发动机排气温度的影响程度。     

木质素生物合成代谢中的酶学研究进展

目前认为木质素是由多种简单的苯丙烷及其衍生物经聚合形成的复杂的聚合物,由羟基肉桂醇的衍生物——木质醇氧化聚合而形成的。根据近年来木质素研究领域的最新进展,重点介绍了木质素的苯丙烷代谢途径中一些重要的酶的遗传操作,如PAL、C4H和COMT等,简单描述了部分酶的细胞和亚细胞定位,概括了木质素生物合成的酶学研究中存在的问题和前景。     

我国棉花枯萎病基础研究概况

本文主要介绍了７０年代以来，我国在棉花枯萎病基础研究方面取得的成绩，并探讨了今后的发展趋向和存在的问题。     

芝麻产量相关性状的多位点全基因组关联分析及候选基因预测

【目的】通过对芝麻产量相关性状的全基因组关联分析,挖掘与产量性状关联的SNP位点及预测候选基因,为通过分子标记辅助选择育种等方式提高芝麻产量提供技术基础。【方法】以363份不同遗传背景和地理来源的芝麻种质资源构成的自然群体为研究对象,调查2年2点4环境下8个产量相关性状（单株产量、单株蒴数、蒴粒数、千粒重、株高、主茎果轴长、始蒴高度和表观收获指数）的表型值,借助覆盖全基因组的42 781个SNP标记,利用多位点SNP随机效应混合线性模型（multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model,mrMLM）对8个产量相关性状进行全基因组关联分析,检测与产量相关性状显著关联的SNP位点,并预测候选基因。【结果】在4个不同环境下,8个产量相关性状表现出广泛的表型变异,变异系数为6.51%—33.57%;相关性分析表明单株产量与单株蒴数、株高、主茎果轴长、表观收获指数呈极显著正相关;方差分析表明产量相关性状的基因型效应、环境效应、基因型与环境互作效应均达到了极显著水平。通过多位点全基因组关联分析共检测到210个与产量相关性状显著关联的SNP,在2018年南阳环境下检测到47个SNP,解释表型变异的1.63%—17.29%;在2019年南阳环境下检测到35个SNP,解释表型变异的1.94%—11.90%;在2018年平舆环境下检测到35个SNP,解释表型变异的2.15%—15.90%;在2019年平舆环境下检测到53个SNP,解释表型变异的1.25%—11.13%;在4个环境的综合BLUP条件下检测到75个SNP,解释表型变异的1.44%—13.58%。上述210个SNP涉及到175个位点,其中10个位点在3个及以上环境中被重复检测到。在这10个位点基因组区域内,共鉴定到214个候选基因,其中156个候选基因具有功能注释,主要涉及植物代谢、生物调控、生长发育等生物学过程。根据功能注释筛选出4个可能与芝麻产量相关的候选基因,其中SIN_1006338编码1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合酶3（1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 3-like）,参与乙烯的生物合成;SIN_1024330编码碱性螺旋-环-螺旋（basic helix-loop-helix）转录因子,负向调控植物细胞和器官的伸长;SIN_1014512编码吲哚-3-乙酸-酰胺合成酶GH3.6（indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.6）,参与调控茎和下胚轴细胞的伸长生长;SIN_1011473编码泛素受体蛋白DA1（protein DA1-like）,参与调节植物细胞增殖周期。【结论】通过多位点SNP随机效应混合线性模型的全基因组关联分析,检测到175个与产量相关性状显著关联的位点,筛选出4个可能与产量相关的重要候选基因。     

物种多样性研究进展

根据近期国内外文献，综述了物种多样性的概念、本质、产生、测度方法及研究现状，讨论了物种多样性研究过程中存在的一些问题，解释了那些看似矛盾的研究结论，指出了以后的研究方向。