Net depth response of a depth-controllable (towed) gillnet for fish sampling

SUMMARY: Flume-tank experiments were performed to examine the depth response of a new type of depth-controlled gillnet. Variations of net depth were investigated as the warp was paid out and wound up for different changes of warp length, main sinker weights, and winch speeds. In most experiments, when the warp finished paying out, the net continued to descend and then ascended slightly to an equilibrium depth (overshoot phenomenon). The overshoot distance was nearly constant when the warp was wound up and increased linearly with increasing winch speed when the warp was paid out. An increase in winch speed reduced net settling time, which converged on a constant value for both paying out and winding up.     

Evaluation of sampling methods and assessment of the sample size to estimate the weed seedbank in soil, taking into account spatial variability

As field sampling is time consuming, it is necessary to develop efficient sampling techniques to obtain accurate estimates of the weed seedbank in soil. The relative efficiency between sampling schemes depends on the spatial variability in weed seed density across agricultural fields. Spatial variability of the weed seed density was characterized by theoretical correlograms. A systematic sampling (square grill) scheme was considered and it was found that, taking into account spatial variability, this sampling scheme was more efficient than simple random sampling. As a result, the sample size can be reduced in comparison with that given in previous studies, where spatial correlation was ignored. The reduction depends on the correlation structure defined as a function of the ratio, τ, between the nugget effect and the sill of the variogram. The maximum reduction of the sample size, without loss of either precision or confidence level corresponds to the case where there is no nugget effect, τ = 0. The opposite extreme case, where the reduction is nil, corresponds to the case of a pure nugget effect τ = 1. The abaci based on given expressions are provided to determine the sample size in species whose spatial pattern can be fitted either to a Poisson or to a negative binomial distribution.     

基于NGO-CNN-SVM的高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测

为提高高标准农田项目施工成本的预测精度,控制施工成本在合理范围,减少投资风险,该研究从单体灌溉工程施工成本预测角度出发,通过随机森林（random forest,RF）筛选出高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本的关键影响因素,结合卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks,CNN）和支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）两种模型的优点,通过北方苍鹰优化算法（northern goshawk optimization,NGO）对模型里的惩罚因子和核参数进行寻优,构建基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型。通过辽宁省2018—2023年高标准农田工程中灌溉工程的施工成本数据,选取样本决定系数R²、平均绝对误差MAE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和均方根误差RMSE作为精度指标进行分析,结果表明：基于NGO-CNN-SVM的施工成本预测模型在渠道工程中MAE低于0.615万元,RMSE低于0.512万元,R²达到0.968以上,相对误差小于4.210%;在进水闸工程中MAE低于0.610万元,RMSE低于0.536万元,R²达到0.966以上,相对误差小于4.410%;在桥涵工程中MAE低于0.494万元,RMSE低于0.477万元,R²达到0.970以上,相对误差小于3.548%,并相比较于反向传播神经网络,CNN和CNN-SVM模型,NGO-CNN-SVM模型的预测结果均最优。通过特征选择、模型融合、算法优化以及不同模型对比表明NGO-CNN-SVM模型具有更高的预测准确率和泛化性,可为高标准农田灌溉工程施工成本预测提供理论依据。     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及序贯抽样

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say是一种重要的害虫,为明确其在新疆的空间分布,及时采取有效的防控措施,在田间调查的基础上,采取随机取样和Iwao回归分析法对新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫成虫、卵块和幼虫的空间分布型、理论抽样数及幼虫的序贯抽样方法进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态空间格局的聚块性指标均大于1,空间分布型为普通群聚型;对低龄幼虫进行序贯抽样,当防治阈值为50头/样方、置信水平为1.96时,防治上、下限方程分别为:d1=50n+81n和d0=50n-81n,当百株虫量达到756头以上时需要进行防治。     

绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园中的空间分布型及抽样技术

近年来绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum已经逐渐发展成为果树上的重要害虫之一, 对其越冬卵在果树上的空间分布型进行探究具有重要意义?本研究利用6种聚集度指标?Iwao回归方程和Taylor幂法则分析了苹果园中绿盲蝽越冬卵的空间分布型, 同时对苹果园绿盲蝽越冬卵聚集的原因和最适理论抽样数进行了分析与计算?结果显示, 绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园呈聚集分布, 并且随着越冬卵密度的增加, 分布越聚集?绿盲蝽越冬卵的种群聚集是由其生活习性与周围环境共同引起的?运用绿盲蝽越冬卵空间分布型参数, 建立Iwao理论抽样数模型, 从而明确不同密度下绿盲蝽越冬卵的最适理论抽样数, 为今后绿盲蝽越冬卵在苹果园内密度的准确调查和种群密度的预测提供了理论依据?     

基于Landsat的高山松地上生物量动态变化估测模型构建

以香格里拉市高山松为研究对象,基于1987—2017年的国家森林资源清查固定样地和对应年的Landsat TM/OLI数据提取对应的遥感因子,计算30 a期间生物量和遥感因子的5、10 a定期变化量、年平均变化量、5、10 a变化率;采用多元线性回归（MLR）和随机森林（RF）方法构建地上生物量模型,提高高山松森林AGB动态变化遥感估测的精度。结果表明：基于5种变化量类型的RF模型效果均优于相应的MLR模型,RF模型中采用5 a变化率效果最好,其拟合R²为0.956,RMSE为0.664 t/(hm²·a),预测结果中RMSE为2.285 t/(hm²·a);纹理因子在高山松地上生物量变化量建模中贡献最大。采用遥感因子变化率构建的高山松地上生物量动态变化估测模型,提高了生物量变化的估测精度,可为森林地上生物量的动态估测研究提供参考。     

Investigating the Link between Particulate Exposure and Airway Inflammation in the Horse

Inhalant exposure to airborne irritants commonly encountered in horse stables is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), non‐infectious, inflammatory pulmonary disorders that impact the health and performance of horses across all equine disciplines. IAD and RAO have overlapping clinical, cytological, and functional manifestations of the pulmonary response to organic dust and noxious gases encountered in the barn environment. Study of these diseases has provided important but incomplete understanding of the effect of air quality upon the respiratory health of horses. In this review, the principles of particulate exposure assessment, including health‐related aerosol size fractions and size‐selective sampling, the factors influencing air quality in equine environments, and the effect of air quality on the equine respiratory tract are discussed. The objective of this review is to provide the reader with a summary of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases in the horse and the principles of air sampling that are essential to the planning, interpretation, and assessment of equine respiratory health‐related exposure studies.     

羊草草原植被监测方法的比较研究

在草原长期生态监测和研究过程中,观测方法的一致性和可比性是保证数据质量及其控制的关键环节,预防观测误差比纠正误差要容易得多。因此,选择什么样的取样方法,在现代标准化和网络化的监测和研究活动中至关重要。通过对两种样线法、巢式样方法和1m×1m样方法等4种方法监测羊草草原植物物种丰富度和生产力的比较研究发现,在草原植被监测,尤其是长期监测过程中,宜将物种丰富度的监测与生产力的监测分离开来。在以物种丰富度为监测目的时,样线法为宜,最小样线长度为400m;在以监测羊草草原群落地上生物量为目的时,1m×1m样方法为宜,最少样方数为10。这样既可以缩小长期固定监测样地的面积,又可以节省人力、物力和财力。     

Comparison of sampling and isolation procedures for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 from the oral cavity of slaughter pigs

Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:3/biotype 4 was isolated from the oral cavity of altogether 32 (68.1 %) of 47 freshly eviscerated slaughter pigs. Most efficient recovery was achieved by cultivation of tissue samples from both tongue and tonsils of the same individual. The isolation rate so obtained was significantly higher than that obtained by separate examination of either tonsil swabs or tongue swabs. However, the isolation frequency achieved by combined swabbing of the 2 sites was not significantly different. In general, tonsils were more productive for the recovery of 0:3 strains than were tongues, and tissue samples yielded higher isolation rates than did swabs. Three-week cold enrichment in a low selective medium proved essential for optimal recovery. However, the highest number of isolates was obtained using a combination of methods, including direct plating and selective enrichment in a modified Rappaport broth in addition to cold enrichment.     

千万不可忽视良种黄牛的保种问题

阐述了良种牛保种的重要意义．基因的随机漂移、选择与杂交、近交是特定基因从群体中消失的主要原因，群体及其有效含量和系统选育的科学组织是保种的重要内容。最后介绍我国良种牛的保种方法及其存在的问题，并提出解决的办法。