Periodicity and gradients in dispersal ofAlternaria linicola in linseed crops

Conidia ofAlternaria linicola produced on infected linseed crops were mainly dispersed by wind. The numbers of conidia in the air above linseed crops collected by a Burkard spore sampler were greatest between 1200 h and 1300 h, when the relative humidity was lowest. Although numbers of conidia collected decreased with increasing height within and above the crop canopy, air-borneA. linicola conidia were present up to 80 cm above the crop canopy. Conidia ofA. linicola were transported by wind up to at least 40 m downwind from an artificial line inoculum source, but their numbers decreased with increasing distance from the source. In 1991, 1992, and 1993, the dispersal ofA. linicola conidia above linseed crops followed a seasonal periodicity which was influenced by weather conditions and cultural practices. The greatest numbers of conidia were collected during July, August and early September and coincided with periods favourable for sporulation and with an increase in the incidence of the disease in the senescent crop. Air-borneA. linicola conidia produced on point or line inoculum sources (naturally infected linseed stem debris) were responsible for the spread of the disease in linseed crops. In 1992 and 1993, the disease was first detected downwind from the sources, but by the end of the growing seasons, it had spread in all directions and up to 20 m and 60 m from the sources, respectively. Disease gradients were initially steep near the inoculum sources but they became flatter with time due to the secondary spread of the disease.     

Pheromone-based communication disruption ofAdoxophyes orana on peach using the new RAK 3+4 dispensers and their effect on development of fruit rot diseases

The effectiveness of the pheromone-based communication disruption method was examined against the summerfruit tortrix,Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of peach trees, using the new RAK 3+4 dispenser (BASF). NoA. orana males were captured in pheromone traps inside the experimental orchards, which were saturated with the RAK 3+4 dispensers. The percent of damaged leaves was practically zero, while the level of damaged fruits was 0–6% in pheromone-treated orchards. The percentage of fruit rot caused byMonilinia laxa was lower in pheromone-based communication disruption orchards than in the control. It was concluded that the RAK 3+4 dispenser could be used againstA. orana as an economical and environmentally friendly method.     

棉铃虫性诱剂诱捕器的改进及其应用研究

利用废弃的食用油油壶制成棉铃虫诱捕器,可提高诱蛾的效果。挡板距诱捕器器口的距离以3cm的效果最佳。与常规水钵、水盆诱捕器相比较,全年诱蛾总量分别增加116.3％和减少79.8％,但诱蛾灵敏度均高出18.72％。     

暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢子形态及发育过程探讨

描述了暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢蒴从翠绿色透明状球体历经黄绿色、淡褐色、褐色、具光泽的深咖啡色球体到最后喇叭状过程中孢子的形态特征.成熟孢蒴中孢子的数量(71 631±12 751)个.成熟孢子四面体结构清晰,极面观呈圆三角形,赤道面观呈近扇形,直径(23.27±1.05)μm,均出现三裂隙结构,唇状,稍细,长为极半径的2/3,裂隙表面布满疣状颗粒物,近极端三面凹陷无褶皱,分布少量疣状颗粒物,远端面不平整,布满疣状颗粒物.     

模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

贺兰山野生大型真菌孢子多样性分析

为探讨贺兰山野生大型真菌孢子的多样性,2012-2016年在内蒙古贺兰山南寺和哈拉乌沟两地进行取样,每个样地分别由5人从沟谷入口处进行拉网式调查,共获得4 000余份样品,经过微观形态观察和基因ITS序列比对,鉴定出8目25科69属189种大型真菌,主要对其孢子形态特征、表面特征及长宽比进行分析,得到如下结论:质量性状上,孢子形态特征和表面特征相互独立;数量性状上,大小孢子长宽比、孢子极端比和平均比均具有一致性和关联性,显示孢子数量特征的稳定性;菌种间孢子质量性状和数量性状具有很强的多样性;按照孢子多样性低、中、高分类,贺兰山野生大型真菌物种数分别为152种、26种和11种;孢子多样性分类为大型真菌鉴别、分类提供了基本依据。     

基于田间空气中病菌孢子浓度的小麦白粉病病情估计模型研究

2014和2015两年度利用Burkard定容式孢子捕捉器监测了高感小麦白粉病品种京双16种植区和中感品种众麦2号种植区田间空气中的病菌孢子浓度变化动态,同时利用小型气象站监测了田间的气象因子,通过分析京双16和众麦2号种植区空气中孢子浓度与空气温度、湿度、降雨、风速和太阳辐射率的相关性,发现空气中的孢子浓度主要与空气温度呈显著的正相关性(r0.348 3,P0.05)。在此基础上,分别分析了田间病情与调查日期前累积孢子浓度、一周前累积孢子浓度、前一周累积孢子浓度和当周累积孢子浓度的关系,结果表明,中感品种众麦2号田间病情与累积孢子浓度的关系均呈指数关系,其中田间病情与调查日期前累积孢子浓度或一周前累积孢子浓度的拟合效果最好,而感病品种京双16的田间病情与累积孢子浓度多呈对数关系,其中病情指数与一周前累积孢子浓度的拟合效果最好。     

不同颜色粘虫板对葡萄园昆虫的诱集效应

为筛选出对葡萄害虫诱集效果好的粘虫板,选用黄色、蓝色、白色、紫色、绿色、红色、黑色和荧光色8种颜色的粘虫板对葡萄园内昆虫进行诱集试验。结果表明,共诱到昆虫7目18科22种,主要害虫有蓟马、蚜虫和叶蝉,其中蓟马数量占到昆虫总量的88.96%,天敌昆虫主要有寄生蜂、捕食性瓢虫、食蚜蝇和东亚小花蝽。紫板、蓝板和白板对蓟马的诱集效果强,黄板、荧光板和绿板次之,红板和黑板效果差;黄板对蚜虫诱集效果强,绿板和荧光板次之,黄板与其他色板之间差异显著;黄板、荧光板和绿板对叶蝉的诱集效果好,3种色板与蓝板之间差异不显著、与其他色板差异显著。白板、蓝板和黄板诱集到的天敌数量最多,占所有颜色粘虫板诱集天敌总量的69%左右。试验期间诱集到的昆虫益害比为0.036,各色板的益害比依次为黑色>荧光色>绿色>红色>黄色>白色>蓝色>紫色,其中紫板的益害比最低,仅为0.011。结合各色板的诱虫效果和益害比进行综合分析,建议选用紫板对蓟马进行诱杀,适时适量选择性使用黄板对蚜虫、叶蝉等进行诱杀。     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

库尔勒地区香梨茎蜂发生动态及黄板控害效果

为明确库尔勒市及其周边果园香梨茎蜂的发生规律和为害情况及黄色粘虫板的诱杀效果,于2020年香梨茎蜂成虫活动期,利用黄色粘虫板按五点取样法定期调查成虫诱捕数量,分析其当年发生动态;并于香梨茎蜂活动期之后采用五点取样法分别调查未悬挂黄板果园与悬挂黄板果园的香梨茎蜂为害率,对比分析黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂为害的防控效果。经调查,香梨茎蜂主要在梨树花期前后为害,在4月中旬达到发生高峰期,成虫活动时间为19天（4月6—24日）,主要通过雌成虫产卵行为为害新梢,在未挂黄板果园平均为害率为29.13%,悬挂黄板的香梨园平均为害率为13.60%,相较于未挂黄板的对照香梨园为害减少率为52.41%。香梨茎蜂成虫出枝活动期是防虫控害的关键时期,悬挂黄色粘虫板对香梨茎蜂的为害有明显的防控效果。建议当地4月在香梨园中大面积使用黄色粘虫板诱杀成虫,减少香梨茎蜂的为害。