多杀菌素等新杀虫剂对粘虫的杀虫活性

浸叶法证明，多杀菌素(spinosad)、乙酰氨基阿维菌素和虫螨腈比阿维菌素对粘虫表现出更高的杀虫活性。其杀虫活性分别比阿维菌素高5倍、8倍和3．7倍。     

刺糖多孢菌分批发酵动力学研究

利用摇瓶培养试验研究了刺糖多孢菌Saccharopolyspora spinosa的分批培养过程中生物量、培养液pH、葡萄糖消长、多杀菌素含量等因素的变化规律。利用MATLAB软件对试验数据进行非线性回归,拟合出了细胞生长动力学模型、基质消耗动力学模型和产物生成动力学模型,得到了细胞生长量、残糖量、多杀菌素产量在发酵过程中随时间变化的规律,相关系数分别为0．98934、0．99266和0．98635．拟合曲线95％置信度区间分析的结果表明,该模型能够很好的反映出刺糖多孢菌分批发酵的过程．     

多杀菌素发酵培养基的研究

【目的】以刺糖多孢菌C4-10-8B为试验菌株,对多杀菌素发酵培养基进行优化,以提高刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素发酵产量。【方法】采用单因素和多因素试验,分别考察了不同碳源、氮源、前体、无机盐和微量元素对多杀菌素生物合成的影响,最后通过正交试验综合考察发酵培养基中各组分对多杀菌素产量的影响。【结果】葡萄糖是较优碳源,最佳质量浓度为40.0 g/L,当葡萄糖与糊精(质量比5∶2)复配时,多杀菌素产量较对照培养基提高18.35%;棉籽蛋白为最优氮源,25.0 g/L棉籽蛋白与15.0 g/L玉米蛋白胨或0.6 g/L硫酸铵复配时,多杀菌素产量分别较对照提高40.0%和45.3%;乙酸钠和谷氨酰胺质量浓度为1.0 g/L时,均能使多杀菌素产量较对照提高21.5%;K2HPO4对多杀菌素合成有明显的促进作用,在其质量浓度为2.5 g/L时,多杀菌素产量较对照提高24.5%;ZnCl2对多杀菌素合成也有促进作用,而MgSO4和CoCl2则显著抑制多杀菌素合成;通过2次正交试验获得最优发酵培养基,利用该培养基时多杀菌素产量可达395.54μg/mL,比对照提高了62.5%。【结论】多杀菌素生物合成的最优发酵培养基为:葡萄糖50.0 g/L,棉籽蛋白25.0 g/L,玉米蛋白胨20.0 g/L,(NH4)2SO40.8 g/L,谷氨酰胺1.25 g/L,乙酸钠0.8 g/L,NaCl 3.0 g/L,K2HPO42.5 g/L,FeSO450.0 mg/L,ZnCl225.0 mg/L,CaCO31.0 g/L。     

多杀菌素低剂量处理对小菜蛾卵体积和生殖力的影响

为了解多杀菌素对小菜蛾的低剂量应激效应,采用多杀菌素LC25和LC50处理敏感小菜蛾3龄幼虫,比较其对小菜蛾及其子代雌虫的产卵量、卵体积及生殖力.结果表明:LC25和LC50处理后,小菜蛾雌虫的产卵量明显少于对照组的产卵量(110.19粒/雌),差异达显著水平,LC50处理的卵体积也显著小于对照的(0.980 7×10...     

多杀菌素的作用机理及其抗药性的研究进展

多杀菌素是一类新的杀虫剂,具有高效、低毒、选择性强、对环境安全的特点。其作用机制是通过激活烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR),使正常昆虫神经细胞去极化,也可通过抑制γ-氨基丁酸受体(GABAR)使神经细胞超极化。本文综述了多杀菌素作用机理及其抗药性的研究进展。     

Combined treatments of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl for management of resistant psocid pests (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) of stored grain

The combined efficacy of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl was determined against four storage psocid pests belonging to genus Liposcelis. This research was undertaken because of the increasing importance of these psocids in stored grain and the problem of finding grain protectants to control resistant strains. Firstly, mortality and reproduction were determined for adults exposed to wheat freshly treated with either spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) or chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) or combinations of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl at 30 degrees C and 70% RH. There were significant effects of application rate of spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl, both individually and in combination, on adult mortality and progeny reduction of all four psocids. Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel and L. decolor (Pearman) responded similarly, with incomplete control of adults and progeny at both doses of spinosad but complete control in all chlorpyrifos-methyl and combined treatments. In L. entomophila (Enderlein) and L. paeta Pearman, however, complete control of adults and progeny was only achieved in the combined treatments, with the exception of spinosad 0.5 mg kg(-1) plus chlorpyrifos-methyl 2.5 mg kg(-1) against L. entomophila. Next, combinations of spinosad (0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1)) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg(-1)) in bioassays after 0, 1.5 and 3 months storage of treated wheat were evaluated. The best treatment was 1 mg kg(-1) of spinosad plus 10 mg kg(-1) of chlorpyrifos-methyl, providing up to 3 months of protection against infestations of all four Liposcelis spp. on wheat.     

Topical, residual and ovicidal contact toxicity of three reduced-risk insecticides against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on potato

BACKGROUND: The goal of the research was to gather efficacy data required to introduce reduced-risk insecticides in sustainable control programs for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner, on potato. RESULTS: Laboratory tests confirmed that sprays of indoxacarb and novaluron at recommended field rates are as effective as spinosad against neonate larvae of O. nubilalis. However, there is evidence that higher rates would enhance the inhibition of chitin synthesis by novaluron. The three insecticides showed ovilarvicidal activity when applied to O. nubilalis egg masses 2 days prior to black head stage. The ovicidal activity of spinosad and novaluron was almost twice that of indoxacarb. At the recommended field rates, the residues of the three insecticides displayed contact toxicity to O. nubilalis larvae. Spinosad residues 16 h old or less provided the highest immediate (24 h after exposure) contact mortality, followed by indoxacarb and then by novaluron. Also, residues of spinosad had faster contact efficacy than indoxacarb, which had faster efficacy than novaluron. CONCLUSION: Spinosad, indoxacarb and novaluron have ovicidal properties, which could enhance O. nubilalis management programs. However, the contact residual toxicity is limited in duration and would likely only play a minor role in O. nubilalis control.     

拟无枝酸菌宿主构建及次级代谢基因簇异源表达

为将生长快、发酵时间短、遗传操作便捷的稀有放线菌拟无枝酸菌TNS106开发成异源表达宿主,通过同源重组将内源的瑞斯托霉素生物合成关键基因rpsA替换为ΦC31和ΦBT1噬菌体细菌附着位点attB,清除代谢背景并引入整合位点,得到菌株HXR1;将含有来自天蓝色链霉菌的放线紫红素基因簇或来自刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素基因簇的质粒转到HXR1进行异源表达,检测发酵产物。结果显示,HXR1成功表达放线紫红素和多杀菌素;与红色糖多孢菌宿主LJ161相比,放线紫红素的产生提前1 d,产量提高1.3倍。拟无枝酸菌异源表达宿主HXR1可为从链霉菌和稀有放线菌中发现新的次级代谢产物提供有用的平台。     

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of spinosad on bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson)

Recent developments of new families of pesticides and growing awareness of the importance of wild pollinators for crop pollination have stimulated interest in potential effects of novel pesticides on wild bees. Yet pesticide toxicity studies on wild bees remain rare, and few studies have included long-term monitoring of bumble bee colonies or testing of foraging ability after pesticide exposure. Larval bees feeding on exogenous pollen and exposed to pesticides during development may result in lethal or sub-lethal effects during the adult stage. We tested the effects of a naturally derived biopesticide, spinosad, on bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony health, including adult mortality, brood development, weights of emerging bees and foraging efficiency of adults that underwent larval development during exposure to spinosad. We monitored colonies from an early stage, over a 10-week period, and fed spinosad to colonies in pollen at four levels: control, 0.2, 0.8 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), during weeks 2 through 5 of the experiment. At concentrations that bees would likely encounter in pollen in the wild (0.2-0.8 mg kg(-1)) we detected minimal negative effects to bumble bee colonies. Brood and adult mortality was high at 8.0 mg kg(-1) spinosad, about twice the level that bees would be exposed to in a 'worst case' field scenario, resulting in colony death two to four weeks after initial pesticide exposure. At more realistic concentrations there were potentially important sub-lethal effects. Adult worker bees exposed to spinosad during larval development at 0.8 mg kg(-1) were slower foragers on artificial complex flower arrays than bees from low or no spinosad treated colonies. Inclusion of similar sub-lethal assays to detect effects of pesticides on pollinators would aid in development of environmentally responsible pest management strategies.     

Activity of spinosad on stored-tobacco insects and persistence on cured tobacco stripst

Every year raw tobacco and manufactured tobacco products are lost to two major storage pests, the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F) and the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella (Hiibner). Post-harvest management of both insects is achieved through sanitation, insect monitoring and fumigation with phosphine. However, insect resistance to phosphine and control failures have been reported, and fumigants are under constant regulatory pressure. Here we report the evaluation of spinosad, a bioinsecticide derived from the fermentation of the soil micro-organism Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz & Yao. Spinosad was first registered in 1997 and is now widely used as a field pest control agent on many crops, including tobacco. The insecticidal activity of the fermentation product (technical spinosad, TS) was measured by diet incorporation assays against L serricorne and E elutella larvae. Mortality levels were determined on newly hatched larvae and over the whole insect life cycle. For both species, no emergence of adult insects was observed in cured tobacco sprayed with 50mg TS kg(-1) and inoculated with eggs or newly hatched larvae. These results indicated that spinosad has potential for the control of both species in stored tobacco, since 100% control of both pests could be achieved at 50 mg TS kg(-1), and with almost full control (90-95%) at 10 mg kg(-1). We also monitored the stability of the product on cured tobacco. The original concentration of the main active component of TS, spinosyn A, did not change significantly over 18 months, indicating no loss of spinosad during a typical leaf storage period of time. Bioassays against larvae confirmed that the bioinsecticidal activity of spinosad was retained.