Ionic Ratios and Crop Performance: II. Effects of Interactions amongst Vanadium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Calcium on Soybean Yield

Because vanadium (V) is easily reduced to a cationic form within plant cells, data from resin-extraction of soil were analysed for evidence of interactions between V and the resin-extractable concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on soybean seed yield. Three varieties, 9091, 9061 and 704, were grown over a 3-year period in a corn–soybean–wheat rotation. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were extracted with ion-exchange resins, extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP), and the results were regressed against seed yield using SAS PROC STEPWISE analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and maximum R² routines. The seed yield of each variety showed a correlation with a unique set of resin-extractable concentrations of V, phosphorus (P), Mg and Ca, and the V:(V + P), Mg:(Mg + Ca), Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) and Ca:(Ca + 1000 V) ratios. Variety 9091 was most sensitive to the Mg:(Mg + Ca) ratio. Variety 9061 was most sensitive to extractable V and to the V:(V + P) ratio. Variety 704 was sensitive to extractable P, V and Ca and the Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) ratio. For variety 9091, Mg fertilization (not currently practised) may be an economical practice, whereas P fertilization of 704 may not be economical. Each regression technique varied slightly in identification of important factors in seed yield. Concentrations and ratios of resin-extractable elements in soil provide insights into optimal genotype selection and possible management alternatives for a given soil.     

The Phytotoxicity of Various Graminicides in Durum Wheat in Greece

The effect of three herbicides, diclofop-methyl (DM), imazamethabenz-methyl (IM) and fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE), was investigated at the recommended rate (×) and double the recommended rate (2×) in a durum wheat crop. FE had the smallest effect on root system characteristics, while IM had the greatest effect. For all herbicides, the double rate treatment gave a greater statistical reduction than the single rate for root system characteristics. FE had the smallest effect on the activity of aerobic microorganisms, while DM gave the greatest reduction, 10 days after application, and all three herbicides reduced earthworm abundance. DM gave the smallest reduction in the number of tillers and in plant height, while the double rate of IM gave the greatest reduction. For all three herbicides, double the recommended rate resulted in a significant reduction in the weight of 1000 seeds, while no statistically significant deviations were noted at the recommended rate. Finally, the use of all three herbicides resulted in significantly lower statistical yields compared to the sample (control plot), although there were no significant statistical differences among them, for either recommended or double recommended rates.     

The Effect of Detopping the Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and Lack of the Pod Setting on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria

The plants of field bean var. Nadwiślaνski were detopped after about 1 month since the beginning of flowering and after that all flower buds were removed from some plants. The effect of a change in the trophic balance on the setting and subsequent growth of root nodules was studied.
The removal of pods had the greater effect on the increase in the weight of the remaining organs than the detopping of plants. Detopping retarded the ageing of the plants and delayed the phase of the greatest reduction of the number of pods. The detopping of plants revealed their considerable compensative possibilities in terms of production of the pod weight and the potential of leaves for biomass production. The data obtained indicate that plant detopping may disturb the root–bacteria exchange of signals, necessary to initiate the nodule development, while the further growth of nodules depends, above all, on the amount of available photosynthates.
A very high correlation between the dry weight of the whole plant to the dry weight of leaves ratio and the weight of nodules was observed. It proves the importance of the trophic balance of the plant for the root nodule weight production.     

Dynamics of the Cumulation of Macroelements – Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium During Development to Maturity of Soybean Seed

Dynamics of the cumulation of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in developing seed of four soybean genotypes under the defined climatic conditions in the course of three years was observed. Samples were being taken at weekly intervals from the point at which the grain reached a size suitable to be analyzed up to the full maturity of the seed. By analyzing the results it was found out that the intense cumulation of the minerals tested took place during the stages III and IV of the seed development, that is, in the course of intense cumulation of dry matter and the most expressive metabolic activity in the seed. Investigation of the impact of climatic conditions provides evidence that cumulation of the tested macroelements has been favourably influenced by increased precipitation along with moderate air temperatures within the seed developing period. The highest content of the minerals found with the cultivar Maksimirka independently of the year investigated reveals that mineral cumulation in soybean seed is affected by the cultivar and genetic particularity.     

一次防治大豆灰斑病籽粒灰斑

通过室内及田间大豆不同生育期接种试验证明，籽粒感染灰斑病的关键时期是Ｒ３－Ｒ５期．Ｒ２期以前侵染不造成籽粒斑驳，据此提出一次防治大豆籽粒灰斑病的关键时期为Ｒ２－Ｒ４期．     

玉米青枯病病原腐霉对其伴生镰刀菌的影响

 本试验以玉米青枯病病原肿囊腐霉(Pythium inflatum Malthews)与禾生腐霉(Pythium gramlnicola Subram)为材料,着重研究了两种腐霉的生长与代谢对其伴生病原禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)的影响,结果表明:1.腐霉的定殖生长能力弱于禾谷镰刀菌。在腐霉菌落上,禾谷镰刀菌仍可生长,而在禾谷镰刀菌菌落上,腐霉则不能生长。2.在伴生条件下,腐霉被镰刀菌覆盖的时间长短随接种间隔而有变化,接种间隔愈短,则覆盖愈快。3.两种腐霉的培养滤液均对禾谷镰刀菌的孢子萌发与芽管伸长及菌落扩展有明显的促进作用,表明滤液中含有对镰刀菌生长有利的活性成分。4.腐霉培养滤液对禾谷镰刀菌红色色素的产生有一定的抑制作用,其原因可能与腐霉的嗜糖性有关。5.田间结果表明,腐镰复合接种的发病率接近禾谷镰刀菌单菌接种,但低于腐霉单菌接种。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%～20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti、三线镰孢F.tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F.flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F.acuminatum及F.langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

不同氮肥形态对李氏禾铬富集能力的影响

为了优化李氏禾（Leersia hexandra Swartz）铬修复时的施氮效率,通过盆栽试验,研究了5种氮肥形态（硝酸钙、尿素、氯化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵）对李氏禾铬修复性能、生长指标和根系指标的影响。结果表明：与对照（不施氮肥）相比,施加的5种形态氮肥均促进了李氏禾生长,提高了根系活力,改变了根系形态特征,有利于提高李氏禾铬含量、铬累积量、富集系数和土壤铬去除率。施加硫酸铵的李氏禾生物量和根平均直径最大,分别为对照的5.54倍和1.51倍,其根系活力比对照增加108%;施加硝酸铵的李氏禾总根表面积和总根体积最大,分别为对照的2.17倍和1.99倍（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果表明,李氏禾的生物量、根平均直径、总根表面积、总根体积和根系活力均与土壤铬修复效率有关。其中,施加硫酸铵处理的富集系数和土壤铬去除率最高,分别为对照的1.45倍和5.56倍。研究表明,施加硫酸铵比其他氮肥形态更有利于提高李氏禾铬污染土壤修复效率。     

种苗处理对麦冬生长的影响及其控病效果研究

为了明确种苗处理对麦冬生长的影响及其控病效果,指导麦冬优质安全生产.以川麦冬为供试材料,采用田间小区试验,研究了 6种药剂3种种苗处理方式对麦冬种苗成活、生长和产量的影响,以及对炭疽病、根腐病的控病效果.结果表明木霉T23制剂、多抗霉素和噁霉灵处理种苗,可显著提高麦冬种苗成活率,促进麦冬分蘖、增加块根数、使块根伸长增粗...     

生物农药壳寡糖水剂防治小麦纹枯病药效试验

通过对10%壳寡糖水剂助剂用量的影响、助剂对药效的影响、pH值对制剂贮存稳定性的影响试验,筛选出10%壳寡糖水剂的最佳配方,防治小麦纹枯病的试验结果表明,室内处理剂量600μg·mL-1、田间处理剂量1500 μg·mL-1对小麦纹桔病的防治效果可达88.40%～90.60%,且对供试作物安全.