Identification of Yersinia ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), which mainly affects salmonid fish. Isolates of Y. ruckeri from diseased salmonid fish were obtained over a 6‐year period from eight fish farms in the State of Baden‐Württemberg, Southwest Germany. The strains were characterized by biochemical methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) combined with artificial neural network analysis. These methods were complemented by 16S rDNA sequencing for several isolates. The set of strains from these fish farms included sorbitol‐positive, gelatinase‐positive and non‐motile Y. ruckeri. These variants were differentiated with an advanced FT‐IR module, which is part of a higher‐ranking method including more than 200 well‐defined Yersinia strains against a background of more than 1000 other Gram‐negative isolates. Validation of the newly constructed method yielded 97.4% of Y. ruckeri identified correctly on the species level. Thus, the FT‐IR analysis enables distinction of all Y. ruckeri from other Yersinia species (e.g. fish‐borne Y. enterocolitica) and other Enterobacteriaceae typically misidentified because of similar biochemical reaction profiles, especially Hafnia alvei. The differentiation of sorbitol‐positive variants of Y. ruckeri using FT‐IR was demonstrated.     

D-Dimer Improves the Prognostic Value of Combined Clinical and Laboratory Data in Equine Gastrointestinal Colic

The discriminating ability of 15 parameters alone or in combinations, including results from analysis of plasma endotoxin, the Nycomed plasma D-Dimer test and phospholipase A₂, were analyzed to predict morbidity and mortality in equine gastrointestinal colic. Endotoxaemia was a characteristic feature of the colic horses. The problem of adequately predicting non-survivors among colic horses required several parameters to be included in the logistic model: if the “classical parameters”, (heart rate, respiratory rate, PCV, anion gap) were included in the model, addition of plasma D-dimer, phospholipase A₂, and Cl^- significantly improved the predictive value of the logistic model. Increasing heart rate and D-dimer together with decreasing chloride was a risk factor for nonsurvival. The sensitivity of this three-parameter logistic model to predict nonsurvival was 78% and specificity 77%. The Nycomed D-Dimer test is recommended as a horse-site test to predict disseminated intravascular coagulation and nonsurvival in equine colic.     

鲜黄梨果实糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的变化

对鲜黄梨果实发育中糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明:果实发育前期以积累山梨醇和淀粉为主,后期以积累果糖为主。果实整个发育过程中,葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量逐渐增加,山梨醇和淀粉含量先增加后降低。山梨醇脱氢酶和山梨醇氧化酶在果实发育早中期活性逐渐增高,后期活性降低,但较前期高,两者共同对山梨醇的转化起调控作用。     

干旱胁迫下外源山梨醇对平邑甜茶耐旱性影响

测定了干旱胁迫下外源喷施50 mg/L和100 mg/L山梨醇后平邑甜茶叶片光合特性、叶片水势和新梢生长速率.结果表明:叶面喷施山梨醇可以改善受胁迫植株的光合状况,减缓叶片水势下降,减轻新梢生长受抑,提高植株耐旱性.     

苹果水心病的发病机理研究进展

苹果水心病是果实生理性内部失调现象,主要症状为果肉组织细胞间隙充满液体,呈透明状或水渍状,甜度增加,多发生在心室周围的维管束附近及梗洼处。以苹果果实中的山梨醇为关注点,通过分析果实中山梨醇的来源、运输途径、代谢路径等研究结果,总结苹果水心病产生及消失机理,讨论影响苹果水心病发生的因素,以期为苹果水心病的认知提供参考。     

吲熟酯和钼酸铵处理对青种枇杷果实糖积累及相关酶活性的影响

以青种枇杷为试材,在果实成熟前50d左右分别喷施100、200、300mg·L-1吲熟酯及0.1%钼酸铵和200mg·L-1吲熟酯+0.1%钼酸铵,研究吲熟酯和钼酸铵对果实生长发育过程中糖积累以及蔗糖与山梨醇代谢相关酶活性变化的影响。结果表明:200mg·L-1吲熟酯处理对增加果实的果糖和葡萄糖积累最为明显。所有处理的果实山梨醇含量均随果实发育呈先下降后上升的趋势。100mg·L-1吲熟酯处理的蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性在5月21日后呈明显的下降趋势,其他处理的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性均呈上升趋势;山梨醇代谢相关酶活性总体上呈下降趋势。综上所述,200mg·L-1吲熟酯处理对青种枇杷果实糖积累有较显著的促进作用。     

‘砀山酥梨’宿萼和脱萼分化期形态建成与碳水化合物的关系

以‘砀山酥梨’为试材,于盛花期分别喷施清水、200 mg·L^-1PP₃₃₃、400 mg·L^-1 GA₃,在幼果分化期,分别取各处理的宿萼果和脱萼果,测定其单果质量、叶绿素、山梨醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量;运用荧光定量PCR技术,分析了与光合作用、山梨醇和蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达量及S6PDH、NAD⁺-SDH、NADP⁺-SDH、SPS和SUS酶活。结果表明,各处理宿萼果中山梨醇和蔗糖含量均显著高于脱萼果。宿萼果中显著增加的山梨醇和蔗糖含量,就幼果光合而言,与光系统Ⅱ蛋白亚基编码基因PSⅡpsbD、Rubisco活化酶基因Rubisco activaseⅣ 表达量显著高于脱萼果有关;从山梨醇合成途径来看,与S6PDH1表达量和山梨醇-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性显著高于脱萼果有关;从源–库的转运关系来看,与山梨醇转运蛋白基因SOT3/4/8/14/15/21/25/29/30/31/34表达量显著高于脱萼果有关;从蔗糖合成途径来看,与磷酸蔗糖合成酶基因SPS1/8、蔗糖合成酶基因SUS1/3/7/12/13/15/17表达量及其酶活显著高于脱萼果有关;从蔗糖转运途径来看,与蔗糖转运蛋白SUT1/2/3、液泡膜单糖转运蛋白TMT2/3/4基因相对表达量显著高于脱萼果有关。因此,‘砀山酥梨’宿萼果中较脱萼果中显著增强的山梨醇、蔗糖代谢是影响其形态建成的原因。     

桃果实发育过程中山梨醇及酶活性变化

碳水化合物的种类和含量是决定果实品质的重要因素,果实中碳水化合物的转化、积累除受内源激素、韧皮部卸载等因子影响外,很大程度上依靠其代谢相关酶活性的调控.糖是植物生长、发育的一个重要的、多重的角色,是果实生长发育的基础物质,同时为果实细胞膨大提供渗透动力.山梨醇属于糖醇类,是山梨糖光合同化产物,可以作为可溶性贮存物质,也可作为类似于蔗糖的一种同化物运输物质.此外,山梨醇与提高植物的抗逆性、改善果实风味也有关(周睿等,1993;Beruter et al.,1997),其在果实内能通过其代谢酶被迅速转化(周睿等,1993;Bianco et al.,2002),山梨醇脱氢酶(sorbitoldehydrogenase,SDH)和山梨醇氧化酶(sorbitol oxidase,SOX)是参与山梨醇代谢的关键酶,其中SDH催化山梨醇转化成果糖与葡萄糖,SOX催化山梨醇氧化成葡萄糖(周睿等,1993;Yamaki et al.,1986).