2JT-M-2014型茄果类蔬菜嫁接切削器的研制

针对茄果类蔬菜气动嫁接切削器价格较高、作业不方便等问题,研制出2JT-M-2014型手动切削器,有效解决了以上问题。为检测其性能,设计了以切削苗切削作业质量为目标函数,以刀片磨损度、切削苗茎径和切削速度为影响因素的三因素三水平试验。试验表明:刀片磨损度是主要的影响因素,植物茎秆直径和切削速度对切削效果影响不大;刀片磨损微小时,切削表面拉丝少而短,更有利于后期嫁接作业。另外,通过对切削器顶丝伸出高度和植物切削角度关系的测试,得出该切削器的切削角度可在35°~51°内调节。     

Molecular and Pathogenicity Characteristics of Phytophthora nicotianae Responsible for Root Necrosis and Wilting of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Tunisia

Isolates of Phytophthora from pepper, produced in Tunisia, were characterised according to molecular and pathogenicity criteria. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the ITS1 region in the ribosomal DNA resulted in different sized fragments. The pepper isolates and P. nicotianae yielded a fragment of 310bp that distinguished it from P. capsici with a fragment of 270bp. The ribosomal RNA gene amplicons of both internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8 S of the pepper Phytophthora and P. nicotianae were digested with 8 endonucleases. The patterns generated, with the 2 enzymes that cut, were identical for both taxa. This molecular analysis corroborated the morphological and biological characteristics and suggests strongly that the isolates of Phytophthora from pepper belong to the species P. nicotianae. Inoculation of pepper, tomato, eggplant and tobacco plants with the isolates of P. nicotianae from pepper showed they were highly pathogenic on pepper but not on tobacco, while their pathogenicity was weak on tomato and eggplant and was associated with atypical symptoms not observed in the field. These pathogenicity tests suggest that pepper isolates of P. nicotianae are particularly adapted to their host and may thus constitute a forma specialis of P. nicotianae.     

SRAP分子标记在茄果类蔬菜航天诱变育种中的应用

简述运用SRAP分子标记技术对航天茄果类蔬菜搭载后的诱变效果及其遗传稳定性的检测,证实了通过航天搭载后的蔬菜种子,经过诱变可产生DNA层面的变异并能够稳定遗传;总结了SRAP分子标记方法在航天茄果类蔬菜杂交种纯度检测的应用;叙述了运用SRAP分子标记对航天茄果类蔬菜品种杂交种亲本的提纯;报告了国内外SRAP分子标记技术在茄果类蔬菜航天诱变育种上的应用成果,并结合茄果类航天育种工作实际,认为SRAP分子标记技术在茄果类航天育种中的应用前景非常广阔。     

蔬菜嫁接机器人切削装置设计与试验

根据“贴接法”的嫁接机理,采用旋转切削作业方式,设计了蔬菜嫁接机器人的切削装置,包括接穗切削装置和砧木切削装置,实现接穗苗茎部、砧木苗单子叶和生长点的快速切除.试验结果表明:当切削气缸转速ω=120r/min、输入空气压力P=490.3 kPa时,接穗和砧木的削成功率均值达93.2％,接穗和砧木的切口长度为5.8 ～7.3mm,切削效果满足嫁接要求.     

果菜秸秆生物炭吸附设施土壤硝态氮性能与机制研究

在农业生产中,过量偏施氮肥导致的硝酸盐富集是次生盐渍化、酸化等土壤障碍的重要诱因。生物炭因良好的吸附特性逐渐成为缓解盐渍化的土壤调理剂,但果菜秸秆生物炭对硝酸盐等离子的吸附研究鲜见报道。以甜椒、番茄和茄子3种果菜秸秆为原料热解制备生物炭,进行硝态氮吸附试验。通过扫描电镜（SEM）和傅里叶近红外光谱（FTIR）等技术对生物炭吸附前、后表面形貌、官能团等进行表征分析,利用吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型等进行拟合分析,综合模型参数和形貌表征解析果菜秸秆生物炭的吸附性能和机制。研究结果表明,3种果菜秸秆生物炭对硝态氮均具有一定吸附能力,茄子秸秆生物炭吸附能力最强,最大理论平衡吸附量为114.788mg/g,其次为番茄（29.736mg/g）和甜椒（9.759mg/g）;茄子和甜椒秸秆生物炭吸附性能优于玉米、稻壳等大田作物秸秆生物炭,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,受化学键吸附、表面吸附和内扩散吸附过程的控制,番茄秸秆生物炭吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型,主要为物理吸附;FTIR分析显示,3种生物炭均含有羟基、甲基、亚甲基、羧基和羰基官能团,除此之外,甜椒和茄子秸秆生物炭还含有醚键,番茄秸秆生物炭含有醇羟基。因此,3种果菜秸秆生物炭对硝态氮均具有吸附能力,茄子秸秆生物炭吸附能力最强,受孔隙填充、官能团和络合作用等多种理化机制的影响,具有消减土壤次生盐渍化的潜力。本研究对盐渍化土壤修复和果菜秸秆资源化利用具有理论意义。     

蔬菜疫病抗性鉴定技术研究进展

疫病是蔬菜生产上一种非常重要的病害,以茄果类、瓜类、芋类等受害最为严重。该病害在蔬菜整个生长期均可发生且各部位均可发病,尤以幼茎、嫩果部位受害最为严重。疫病属卵菌病害,化学药剂难以防治,给蔬菜生产和育种工作带来极大挑战。选育抗病品种是控制疫病最经济有效的根本途径之一,而抗病性鉴定、筛选是抗病育种的重要前提和保障。通过人工接种方法,进行苗期抗病性鉴定、筛选抗性种质,有利于亲本选择、缩短育种进程和提高抗病育种效率。为深入了解蔬菜对疫病的抗性情况和高效种质资源鉴定、筛选方法,对蔬菜疫病抗性鉴定方法的研究进展进行总结,并对主要蔬菜疫病抗性鉴定方法进行比较,提出相应对策,旨在为蔬菜抗疫病育种工作提供有价值的理论和技术参考。     

茶黄螨在辣椒和茄子上的发生规律及药剂防治研究

１９９０－１９９３年，对吉首市郊严重危害辣椒和茄子的茶黄螨的发生危害进行了调查，并进行药剂防治试验，基本摸清了该螨在当地的发生规律及防治适期。     

施钾对有些茄科作物产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on wto silty loam soils grown with four solanaceous vegetable crops of geggplant(var.serpentinum Bailey),tomato(var.commune Bailey),sweet pepper(var.grossum Bailey) and chilli (var.lengum Bailey),respectively,Each experiment included four treatments with from low to high doses,0-450 kg ha^-1 for eggplant ,tomato and sweet pepper,and 0-270 kg ha^-1 for chilli,of K fertilizers in the from of sulfate of potash(SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One CK treatment without K,N and P fertilzers applied and one treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at the high level(450kg ha^-1) together with N and P fertilizers were included in the experiments of eggplant,in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP,The fruit yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application,The dry matter and vitamin C contents in fruits of tomato,sweet pepper and chilli,and the sugar content and the titratable acidity level of tomato fruits were increased,and the S/A ratio( ratio of sugar content to titratable acidity) of tomato fruits were decreased by K fertilization,indicating that K fertilization could improve the fruit quality of the solanaceous vegetable crops.However,the high rate of Kfertilizer might lower the dry matter and vitamin C contents of tomato fruits and sewwt pepper fruits.SOP was more effective than MOP in increasing the yield and quality of eggplant fruits at the high fertilization rate;therefore,the choice of applying SOP may be better for high levels of K fertilization.     

岳阳茄果类蔬菜无公害生产技术规程

介绍了为害岳阳市茄果类蔬菜的几种主要病虫害及它的发生规律与田间调查方法,阐述了岳阳市所采用的一系列农业防治措施和化学防治措施。     

茄果类蔬菜作物叶片表皮细胞数量性状的研究

为揭示茄果类蔬菜作物叶片发育的机理,以番茄、辣椒和茄子为试验材料,通过印迹法对茄果类蔬菜作物幼苗叶片的表皮细胞进行了定量研究。结果表明,番茄、辣椒、茄子不同节位的上、下表皮细胞密度及气孔密度均是随着节位上升呈增加趋势,细胞直径及气孔器大小均是随着节位上升呈减少趋势。在叶片近轴面及远轴面的相同节位,茄果类蔬菜作物间细胞直径、气孔大小、细胞密度及气孔密度大小表现不同。