红星苹果和肥城桃果实软化的酶学基础

以红星苹果穴Malusdomesticacv.Starking雪和肥城桃穴Prunuspersicacv.Feicheng雪果实为试材,结合乙烯利和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理,分别研究了2者软化的酶学基础,并就其差别作了探讨。结果表明:红星果实软化中起主要作用的酶为内切和外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endo-和exo-PG);肥城桃果实软化的前20d则以纤维素酶(EGase)为主,20d后软化以endo-PG为主。研究同时发现,脂氧合酶(LOX)在这2种果实软化的启动阶段都起了明显的促进作用。1-MCP通过对红星果实中PG、肥城桃果实贮藏前期EGase和后期endo-PG活性的抑制,以及对2者软化启动阶段LOX活性的抑制,延缓了果实硬度的下降。     

果胶酯酶的研究进展

阐述果胶酯酶的作用机制及其对果实软化、根边缘细胞发育、铝毒胁迫等方面的研究进展。     

PEG/Activated Carbon Phase Change Materials of Modified Asphalt

Phase change material modified asphalt is prepared by using PEG/activated carbon composite solid-solid phase change materials for asphalt modification. Phase change materials modified asphalt with different ratios are aged and treaded alterably at high or low temperature, and then its appearance is observed. The properties of the modified asphalt, such as ductility, softening point, etc., are tested by using electronic tensile testing machine and thermal mechanical analyzer. Experiments show that when the content of PEG/activated carbon phase change material is 20%, the ductility of modified asphalt is the best; when the content of phase change material is 15% to 20%, the softening point of modified asphalt is obviously improved.     

1-MCP对大果水晶梨软化与褐变的影响

通过对1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理大果水晶梨冷藏期间果胶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性﹑总酚﹑多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化规律的分析,研究了1-MCP处理对大果水晶梨果实软化与褐变的影响。结果表明:高浓度的1-MCP处理延迟了大果水晶梨的可溶性果胶含量的上升,抑制了PG活性;经1-MCP处理能较明显减缓大果水晶梨总酚含量的下降,抑制PPO活性,高浓度作用效果比低浓度的效果明显;在整个贮藏过程中,PG的最大酶活出现时间总是比PPO早,表明在整个采后贮藏过程中,先是果实的软化衰老导致细胞组织崩溃,进而产生大量氧自由基,使底物、氧与PPO充分接触,进而加剧了果实的褐变。     

钙处理对采后猕猴桃果实生理生化的影响

对采收后的猕猴桃果实采用不同的钙处理,然后测定其软化衰老过程中糖类含量的动态变化情况,结果表明:猕猴桃果实成熟时,其果糖含量由采后第20天的15.5μg.mg-1增加到第80天的26.5μg.mg-1;而经过浸钙处理的猕猴桃果实,其果糖含量比对照的低,这说明浸钙处理能够抑制其果实的软化衰老,从而能延长果实的贮藏期。     

1-甲基环丙烯和CO_2组合处理抑制柿果实脱涩软化的效应及其细胞壁成分的变化

为研究1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对CO2脱涩柿果实软化及细胞壁成分变化的影响,探讨延长柿果实采后脱涩后货架期的方法,以‘磨盘柿’(Diospyros kaki Thunb cv.Mopan)为材料,研究了采用CO2、CO2+0.5μL/L1-MCP组合处理24h后,在室温下贮存对采后脱涩柿果实软化和细胞壁成分的影响。结果表明:CO2处理和CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理均能够有效的使涩柿脱涩,CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理相对于CO2处理来说在脱涩的同时能够有效的降低柿果实采后脱涩后柿果实贮存过程中硬度下降的速率,降低呼吸强度、乙烯释放量并且延迟呼吸高峰、乙烯高峰的出现时间,延缓柿果实水溶性果胶上升和共价性果胶下降的速率,以及半纤维素和纤维素含量下降的速率。因此,CO2+0.5μL/L 1-MCP组合处理可以延长柿果实采后脱涩后柿果实的货架期。     

珍味贝丝的研制报告

本试验利用扇贝加工时大量废弃的裙边,制作调味焙烤品珍味贝丝,经1％冰醋酸软化处理15s,150℃焙烤6min,较好地解决了艮韧问题,并对工艺路线和主要工艺参数进行了选择。制品档次较高,保质期达6个月以上。     

梅果采后软化与乙烯释放及抗氧化酶活性的变化

研究了青梅果实采后果肉硬度、乙烯释放量及抗氧化酶活性变化。结果显示，果肉硬度3d后急剧下降，5～7d下降最快，而乙烯释放量5d后则迅速上升，于第9天达到高峰，果实硬度下降与乙烯释放上升呈显负相关(r=-0．7823)。SOD和POD活性于采后3d开始迅速升高，第5天同时达到峰值。CAT活性一直下降，第5天后检测不出。MDA含量呈峰型变化。     

A new descriptive method for fruit firmness changes with various softening patterns of kiwifruit

We have proposed a new interpretation of fruit softening. This was accomplished by generating a hypothesis that probabilities of decay of fruit structure obey the Weibull probabilistic model that has been used in the field of reliability engineering. The elasticity of individual kiwifruit after harvest was continually and nondestructively measured until decomposition by using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The obtained decreasing pattern of elasticity of individual fruit was complex, diverse, and inhomogeneous. Nonetheless, it was satisfactorily explained by a tandem combination of 2 Weibull models involving 4 types of parameters: “shape” related to probability; “scale,” to velocity of decay; “location,” to time lag; and “mixing ratio,” to contribution of the 2 models. Averages of location, shape, and mixing ratio parameters obtained by the measurement of 33 fruit were significantly different between the 2 models, but the scale parameter was not. The results suggested that the complex softening patterns of individual kiwifruit could be described using the tandem model of Weibull distribution, and that the softening process of kiwifruit consisted of at least 2 independent decay phases that are characterized by 2 of 5 parameters: location and mixing ratio. Commencement of the first decay phase could be caused by ethylene treatment after harvest, and the second one spontaneously triggered after a certain time lag.     

低温贮藏对猕猴桃果实成熟软化相关基因表达影响

为探究低温对果实采后成熟软化与淀粉降解的影响,以红阳猕猴桃果实为试验材料,研究在低温贮藏期间,猕猴桃果实硬度,可溶性固形物、乙烯、淀粉含量以及淀粉酶相关基因的变化。结果表明,低温贮藏能显著抑制猕猴桃果实采后成熟软化,延缓果实淀粉的降解和可溶性固形物含量的增加,维持贮藏期间果实较高的硬度。低温贮藏抑制乙烯合成关键基因AcACO1和AcACS1的表达,抑制乙烯合成。同时,低温贮藏显著抑制淀粉降解相关基因AcAMY1、AcBAM1/3、AcISA3、AcLDA1和AcDPE1的表达。在低温贮藏后期,淀粉酶相关基因AcAMY1、AcBAM1/3、AcLDA1和AcDPE1的表达与乙烯释放速率有关。综上,低温贮藏延缓猕猴桃采后成熟软化进程与淀粉降解密切相关,可能主要通过抑制乙烯合成,从而影响贮藏后期淀粉降解速率,最终延缓果实软化进程。本研究结果为猕猴桃采后低温贮藏提供了理论依据。