红星苹果和肥城桃果实软化的酶学基础

以红星苹果穴Malusdomesticacv.Starking雪和肥城桃穴Prunuspersicacv.Feicheng雪果实为试材,结合乙烯利和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理,分别研究了2者软化的酶学基础,并就其差别作了探讨。结果表明:红星果实软化中起主要作用的酶为内切和外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(endo-和exo-PG);肥城桃果实软化的前20d则以纤维素酶(EGase)为主,20d后软化以endo-PG为主。研究同时发现,脂氧合酶(LOX)在这2种果实软化的启动阶段都起了明显的促进作用。1-MCP通过对红星果实中PG、肥城桃果实贮藏前期EGase和后期endo-PG活性的抑制,以及对2者软化启动阶段LOX活性的抑制,延缓了果实硬度的下降。     

1-MCP对外源乙烯诱导油桃果实软化的影响

以秦光油桃为试材,研究了1-MCP处理对外源乙烯诱导果实软化的影响.结果表明,1-MCP处理可抑制外源乙烯诱导果实硬度的下降,将乙烯诱导果实的淀粉、纤维素和果胶类物质的降解延迟2天,对引起这些物质降解的相关酶类如淀粉酶、纤维素酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)等酶活性高峰的到来推迟2天,同时降低了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性高峰值.     

‘河套’蜜瓜果实采后活性氧代谢及软化特性的研究

在常温贮藏条件下,为明确果实采后成熟衰老过程中活性氧代谢和果实软化特性。以达到采收成熟的‘河套’蜜瓜果实为试材,对不同贮藏时期果实进行各项生理指标测定。结果显示：（1）随着贮藏时间的延长,蜜瓜果实中活性氧含量呈增加趋势,其中O₂·-产生速率在贮藏后期显著增加,H₂O₂则表现出双峰段的变化趋势;（2）在贮藏期间,SOD活性呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,POD、CAT、APX活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,且三者先后达到活性峰值,维持一段时间高活性水平后开始下降;（3）贮藏初期,LOX和PG活性均极低,分别在贮藏5天和4天后二者活性迅速升高达到最大值,之后LOX活性迅速下降,PG活性则呈小幅波动上升趋势直至贮藏结束。‘河套’蜜瓜果实贮藏期间,过量积累的活性氧加剧了果实的衰老,同时PG和LOX共同参与了果实的软化。     

贮前温度处理对草莓果实贮藏特性的影响

研究了贮前不同温度处理对草莓果实贮藏特性及软化的影响。结果表明，以贮前50℃预热处理30min和5℃预冷处理30min的果实腐烂率最低；2种处理均能抑制果实呼吸强度的上升、果实中脱落酸（ABA）的生成、生长素（IAA）的下降、纤维素酶活性的上升，并延缓果实硬度的下降。     

自来水的软化处理在葡萄组织培养中的应用

用软化水制备B5培养基对红地球葡萄试管苗进行了培养。结果表明,自来水添加K3PO4·3H2O,0.6 g/L+煮沸5 min的软化效果最佳,Ca2+离子浓度由84.75 mg/L降至2.66 mg/L,Mg2+离子浓度由26.62 mg/L降至8.85 mg/L,硬度由18°降低为2.37°。用该软化水配制的培养基,试管苗生长正常,株高、茎粗优于用蒸馏水配制的培养基。用K3PO4·3H2O软化的自来水可应用于葡萄试管苗的组织培养。     

桃果实成熟软化过程中细胞壁多糖降解特性的研究

以雨花3号水蜜桃果实为试验材料,分步提取不同成熟度桃果实细胞壁物质(CWM)、4种果胶多糖(CDTA-1、CDTA-2、N a2CO3-1、N a2CO3-2)、3种半纤维素多糖(KOH-1、KOH-2、KOH-3)和纤维素多糖(CWM-残渣)。采用气相色谱法测定各种多糖组分中的单糖组成,探讨桃果实成熟软化过程中随果实硬度的下降,细胞壁各多糖成分含量及其单糖组成的变化。结果表明:在桃果实成熟软化过程中,富含半乳糖醛酸的果胶主链发生断裂,果胶、半纤维素、纤维素多糖中支链阿拉伯糖、半乳糖也发生不同程度的解离。细胞壁半乳糖醛酸和半乳糖的降解与桃果实软化的启动密切相关,而阿拉伯糖的降解则可能是桃果实后熟软化的重要因素。     

A new descriptive method for fruit firmness changes with various softening patterns of kiwifruit

We have proposed a new interpretation of fruit softening. This was accomplished by generating a hypothesis that probabilities of decay of fruit structure obey the Weibull probabilistic model that has been used in the field of reliability engineering. The elasticity of individual kiwifruit after harvest was continually and nondestructively measured until decomposition by using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The obtained decreasing pattern of elasticity of individual fruit was complex, diverse, and inhomogeneous. Nonetheless, it was satisfactorily explained by a tandem combination of 2 Weibull models involving 4 types of parameters: “shape” related to probability; “scale,” to velocity of decay; “location,” to time lag; and “mixing ratio,” to contribution of the 2 models. Averages of location, shape, and mixing ratio parameters obtained by the measurement of 33 fruit were significantly different between the 2 models, but the scale parameter was not. The results suggested that the complex softening patterns of individual kiwifruit could be described using the tandem model of Weibull distribution, and that the softening process of kiwifruit consisted of at least 2 independent decay phases that are characterized by 2 of 5 parameters: location and mixing ratio. Commencement of the first decay phase could be caused by ethylene treatment after harvest, and the second one spontaneously triggered after a certain time lag.     

Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (I): influence of the pressing temperature condition

Self-bonding is the main factor of the performance expression of binderless boards, and therefore its clarification is considered to be an important issue. For this purpose, a series of chemical analyses were conducted on kenaf core binderless boards and their chemical changes during the hot-pressing process are discussed in this article. First of all, binderless boards were prepared from kenaf core powder at different pressing temperatures (without steam-explosion process) and were used for chemical analyses after they were reduced into powders and extracted with methanol. To investigate their chemical changes, lignin, holocellulose, and neutral sugar contents were determined, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded, and the nitrobenzene oxidation procedure was applied. As a result, it was found that parts of lignin and hemicelullose were decomposed during the hot-pressing process; however, the contribution of the resulting fractions to selfbonding was not observed. In addition, progress of condensation reactions in lignin and the formation of chemical bonds by low molecular weight conjugated carbonyl compounds in methanol extractives were observed. Thermal softening of lignin is also suggested to play an important role in the expression of board performance.     

Possible degradation of type I collagen in relation to yellowtail muscle softening during chilled storage

ABSTRACT:   In this paper, the detection of type I collagen degradation during the softening phenomenon of yellowtail muscle, was examined. Acid soluble collagen was isolated from dorsal ordinary muscle at death and after 24-h chilled storage. In the abundant ratio of subunit components, an increase in β12 chain (5.4 points) and a decrease in components with molecular weights larger than γ chain (7.0 points) after 24-h chilled storage, was found. Type I collagen was detected in the alkali-soluble fraction by SDS-PAGE. Its amount calculated from hydroxyproline contents in alkali-soluble fraction was increased from 0.097 mg/g muscle to 0.155 mg/g muscle during 24-h storage. The increased alkali-soluble collagen (0.058 mg/g muscle) was about 1.4% of whole collagen. These results suggest that a slight decomposition of type I collagen of yellowtail muscle may occur and subsequently becomes alkali-soluble corresponding to postmortem softening.