Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

典型血吸虫病疫区河滩地五氯酚污染土壤微生物特征——以松滋老陈镇庙河为例

采用现场采样及室内分析方法,对长期施用五氯酚（PCP）作为钉螺杀灭剂的典型血吸虫病流行疫区河滩地的土壤微生物特征进行了初步调查研究。结果表明,长期大量施用PCP对河滩裸地土壤微生物种群造成了一定程度的伤害,降低了微生物的总体活性;而种植杨树有利于恢复土壤微生物生物量碳,对修复PCP污染土壤有一定的促进作用。Biolog结果显示土壤微生物利用单一碳源能力的大小顺序为杨树林地〉对照〉河滩裸地,表明有机污染在一定程度上抑制了土壤微生物的生长。主成分分析显示对照、杨树林与河滩裸地的碳源利用能力差异显著,表明PCP污染对微生物的碳源利用造成了显著影响。土壤微生物对不同种类碳源利用计算结果表明,种植杨树导致林地土壤环境条件发生变化,杨树林地土壤微生物对碳源的利用也发生了明显变化。     

林业血防生态工程在血吸虫病防治中的作用及展望

1990年以来, 我国一些林业学者在总结长期生产和科研实践基础上提出了"以林为主, 抑螺防病"的林业血防生态工程科学设想, 即运用生态经济学原理, 在因地制宜的基础上, 采取以林为主, 生态学、环境学、农学、系统工程学以及流行病学等众多学科结合, 林、农、副、渔等多种经营, 创立融抑螺防病、经济、生态三效一体的人工林生态系统——抑螺防病林。通过多年的试验研究, 提出了多物种、多层次、多结构、多功能的低丘滩地的治理与开发模式以及不同类型的抑螺防病综合治理模式, 形成了以生物为主与工程措施相互结合的一整套较为系统的抑螺防病林体系。目前在长江流域湖区5省建立抑螺防病林试验点19个, 试验区面积6万多hm2, 抑螺防病效果十分明显。同时, 林业血防生态工程还兼具湿地保护、促进滩地综合治理与开发、有效降低滩地钉螺密度和促进林业产业发展等多重功能。     

安徽省低丘岗地抑螺防病林立地类型划分及其应用

根据低丘岗地林业血防工程的实际需要,在连续2年抑螺防病林造林作业设计调查的基础上,分析了安徽省低丘岗地抑螺防病林造林地自然环境特点。根据造林地坡位、坡向、土壤类型将低丘岗地抑螺防病林林地划分为4个立地条件类型,提出了不同立地类型适宜造林树种、密度、整地方式等造林技术措施,为安徽省低丘岗地抑螺防病林造林作业设计提供重要依据。     

洞庭湖洲滩杨树人工林对钉螺孳生的影响

为探讨修枝强度、林农间种、异龄林等因素对洞庭湖洲滩钉螺孳生的影响,对拐棍洲有螺滩地杨树人工林的螺情分布进行了长期定点调查。结果表明:4年生杨树林,修枝次年林分内的活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于修枝当年,其中1/3修枝强度次年林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度较修枝当年分别降低了68.00%和80.80%。林农间种的杨树林较翻耕不种和不耕不种的杨树林抑螺效应显著,翻耕而不间种的杨树林,活螺框出现率与不耕不种的1年生杨树林一样,但活螺密度却较不耕不种下降了47.20%。异龄林营造后,活螺密度大致呈下降趋势,营造后的第2、3、4年时活螺框出现率、活螺密度分布较营造当年下降73.33%、50.00%、77.67%和75.96%、43.94%、83.85%。林分郁闭后,全面翻垦的林分活螺框出现率、活螺密度均比不翻垦的林分低直至趋于零。除了高程(32.64m)较高的林分外,其他高程全耕不种林分内活螺框出现率、活螺密度均低于全垦间种。     

雌雄福寿螺摄食生长及形态性状差异研究

福寿螺是首批列入我国外来入侵物种“黑名单”的生物,已对我国南方水稻生产造成严重危害。通过室 内投喂实验测定了雌雄福寿螺摄食生长的差异,并通过“外采样测定了雌雄螺形态性状差异。结果显示院在分开饲 养足食投喂30 d后发现,雌螺的生长速度为雄螺的2.88 倍,这主要与雌螺有着更大的摄食量和更高的食物转化效 率有关。在共同饲养但限食投喂30 d后,雌螺的壳高增长率和体重增长率均大于雄螺,但未达到显著差异;雄螺的壳 高/壳宽、壳高/体重极显著大于雌螺（P<0.001）,壳口长/壳口宽极显著小于雌螺（P<0.001）。     

南昌市抑螺防病林工程实施探讨

分析了南昌市自然、经济、螺情概况,从组织领导、科学规划、经营主体等方面探讨了抑螺防病林工程实施成效及措施,指出了目前存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

4种药剂对海南兰花蜗牛和蛞蝓的防治效果

通过筛选适用于海南热带兰园防治有害蜗牛和蛞蝓的最佳药剂及合理用量,为生产实践应用提供理论依据。选择了国内常用的4种杀软体动物剂,即50%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂、45%三苯基乙酸锡可湿性粉剂、6%四聚乙醛颗粒剂和10%茶枯精粉粉剂,针对海南兰园有害软体动物的主要优势种,包括海南小囊螺、细钻螺和双线嗜粘液蛞蝓,通过在室内模拟田间兰花栽培条件,开展了不同药剂、不同剂量的防治效果对比试验。结果显示,防治海南小囊螺效果最好的药剂是6%四聚乙醛和10%茶枯精粉,药后7 d防效达87%以上,14 d防效达100%。对细钻螺防效最好的药剂是6%四聚乙醛,药后7 d防效达83%以上,14 d防效达100%。双线嗜粘液蛞蝓对10%茶枯精粉极为敏感,药后3 d防效即达91%以上,药后5 d达到100%;另外3种均不理想。综合考虑防效与安全性,在海南热带设施栽培中防控有害蜗牛和蛞蝓,推荐同时使用6%四聚乙醛颗粒剂和10%茶枯精粉粉剂,用量每亩分别为500和1000 g。具体施药方法和效果还需大田试验进一步验证。     

扩展青霉基因组DNA五种提取方法比较

为寻找一种适合于扩展青霉基因组DNA的提取方法,比较了固体培养、液体静置培养和液体振荡培养3种培养方式的提取效果,分别采用氯化苄法、蜗牛酶法、CTAB法、SDS法及异硫氰酸胍法提取扩展青霉菌基因组DNA,经DNA质量浓度测定及电泳分析,比较5种方法的差异,并利用扩展青霉的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(Polygalacturonase)基因内一段保守序列,设计PCR引物,扩增大小为288 bp的特异目的基因,检测其灵敏性.结果表明:固体培养的方式较适合扩展青霉基因组DNA的提取,另外5种提取方法均能提取出扩展青霉菌基因组DNA,扩增出目的条带,其中氯化苄法和蜗牛酶法所提DNA的纯度均较好,但蜗牛酶法所提DNA量较少.因此,氯化苄法是5种提取方法中最可靠的DNA提取方法,所提DNA浓度高、纯度好、结果稳定,可作为PCR反应的模板进行特异性扩增,且该方法的最低检测限大约为1.01×10-1μg/mL.     

Incorporation of heavy metals by the mud snail,Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Reeve,in submerged paddy soil treated with composted sewage sludge

Summary The biomass of newborn snails was higher in paddy soil without rice plants than in the soil with rice plants. There was an inverse correlation between shell width and concentratins of Zn and Cu in snail flesh. The Zn and Cu concentrations in snail flesh were extremely high compared with those in the paddy soil surrounding the snails, possibly because snails ingest sludge, one of the main components of the composts. These results suggest that this type of snail may be used to eliminate Zn and Cu from paddy soil when composted sewage sludge has been applied.