Reproductive roles predict sexual dimorphism in internal and external morphology of lake whitefish,Coregonus clupeaformis

Abstract – The different reproductive roles of the sexes can predict the direction and magnitude of sexual dimorphism of external and internal morphology. Males should have enlarged structures that enhance the acquisition of mating opportunities, whereas females are predicted to have enlarged organs that are associated with the production of eggs. We tested these predictions in male and female lake whitefish, a species in which both sexes have similar overall body size and shape. After controlling for body size, male lake whitefish had significantly longer jaws and pectoral and pelvic fins, larger hearts, and more muscle than females. Sexual dimorphism in relative muscle mass may be one of the most fundamental morphological differences between males and females. Females had relatively heavier livers than males. Because the liver is important for the breakdown of fats and vitellogenesis, selection should favour an enlarged liver in females for the processing of energy and the production of large numbers of eggs.     

家兔选育性状典型相关分析

选择日本大耳白和新西兰两个品种家兔的生长、繁殖、以及体尺3组共17个性状，应用多元统计方法进行了典型相关分析，结果表明；日本大耳白兔的初生重、初生窝重、21日龄重、泌乳力、胸围等5个性状，新西兰兔的产活仔数、初生重、21日龄重、泌乳力、断奶窝重、母兔体重等6个性状为主要性状。     

Seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its endogenous control in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.)

Controlling established horsenettle plants is achieved by suppressing shoot emergence from root systems. The seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its possible endogenous control in horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense L.) were investigated. The shoot emergence period in an undisturbed population was limited to a seven-week period from mid-April, and a little longer in tilled conditions. Detached roots showed very high shoot-sprouting ability under 15–30°C throughout the year. In shoot clipping experiments, new shoots sprouted only from the stem and not from the root when attached to shoots, whether above-ground or underground. On the contrary, new shoots sprouted from the roots when all parts of the shoots were clipped off. From these results, the limited shoot emergence period in horsenettle is thought to be initiated by temperatures necessary for sprouting and is ended by a growth correlation effect between early emerged and matured shoots.     

昆明地区昭觉林蛙种群的繁殖研究

2004年10月～2006年12月观察了昆明地区昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)的产卵期、产卵量、孵化时间、孵化率以及蝌蚪期持续时间等.结果显示,昆明地区昭觉林蛙的产卵期为每年10～11月;产卵量平均为1 859.92粒·团-1;完成胚胎发育期全过程需8～9d;蝌蚪孵化率达99%以上;蝌蚪期持续时间为6个月,Ⅰ期蝌蚪发育历时130d,Ⅱ期蝌蚪发育需42d,从蝌蚪进入第Ⅲ期到观察超过50%的幼蛙登陆为10d左右.昭觉林蛙繁殖时对产卵场的选择条件为足够的水域面积、水温和丰富的水草.     

温盐环境突变对海蜇幼体生存的影响

为配合2005年辽东湾渔场海蜇人工增殖放流项目,笔者对人工放流过程中,海蜇幼体由于从育苗室人海而引起的温盐环境突变以及在长途运输过程中引起的死亡率进行实验研究,其死亡率直接影响到海蜇的回捕率,进而对辽东湾渔场海蜇的资源量造成影响。实验中发现,在超出海蜇生存最佳盐度范围（20～30）,海蜇在高温（30℃、35℃）条件下,较高盐度组（35、40）较较低盐度组（15、20）的海蜇幼体的生存状态好、成活率高。同时,在低温（10℃、15℃）条件下,较低盐度组（15、20）较较高盐度组（35、40）的海蜇幼体的生存状态好、成活率高。     

精准定时输精对后备母猪早期胚胎发育与繁殖性能的影响

为探讨精准定时输精(fixed-time artificial insemination,FTAI)对后备母猪早期胚胎发育和繁殖性能的影响,试验1选取自主培育的金乌猪后备母猪43头,随机分为2组,其中,对照组24头,为自然发情,观察后人工配种(artificial insemination,AI);试验组19头,为精准...     

温度及光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

为明确温度、光周期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere发育与繁殖的影响,在不同温度、光周期条件下观察日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期、出蜂数、雌蜂寿命以及寄生率。结果表明：温度和光周期显著影响日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长。在18~30℃之间,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期及雌蜂寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,18℃时发育历期与雌蜂寿命最长,分别为60.9 d和29.9 d,30℃时发育历期最短,为21.3 d,33℃时雌蜂寿命最短,为8.3 d;18~24℃之间,寄生率及出蜂数随温度的升高而增加,24℃时最高,分别为77.1%和38.7头;24~30℃之间,随温度升高日本食蚜小蜂的寄生率及出蜂数呈下降趋势。在光周期L 8 h∶D 16 h~L 16 h∶D 8 h范围内,当光周期为L 12 h∶D 12 h时,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的发育历期最短,为22.1 d,出蜂数最高,为39.0头;当光周期为L 14 h∶D 10 h时,雌蜂寿命最长,为22.6 d,寄生率最高,为71.1%。表明温度24~27℃、光周期L 12 h∶D 12 h为日本食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长的最适温度和光周期条件。     

玉蜀黍赤霉有性重组体的诱导及其生物学特性

 本研究以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体(nit)和多菌灵抗性为遗传标记,在5个所选菌株中设计了3个玉蜀黍赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的杂交组合,使各菌株之间进行杂交,从而诱导有性重组体。从各杂交组合的后代中任意挑选出3个有性重组体,比较了这些有性重组体与其亲本在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状。结果表明,玉蜀黍赤霉中的nit基因及对杀菌剂多菌灵的抗药性基因可以通过有性杂交的方式重组,即发生了有性重组。有性重组体与其亲本在菌落生长、培养性状和致病性方面没有显著差异;但某些有性重组体中,产孢量和产子囊壳能力方面存在一定差异。总体看来,有性重组体仍然保持了较高的适合度。因此,可以认为有性重组在玉蜀黍赤霉群体对多菌灵抗药性发生发展以及群体遗传进化中可能起着重要的作用。     

虎皮鹦鹉发声行为学比较研究

为了解虎皮鹦鹉发声行为的性别差异,采用计算机鸣声分析技术对虎皮鹦鹉的鸣叫行为做了研究,结果表明,雄性虎皮鹦鹉的叫声明显比雌鸟的复杂多变,但是鸣声幅度比雌鸟的小;随着虎皮鹦鹉的成长,雌雄鸟的叫声越来越复杂,幅度越来越高。说明虎皮鹦鹉的叫声具有明显的性双态性,并且叫声随着年龄的增大越来越成熟,30日龄虎皮鹦鹉的鸣声复杂程度已接近成鸟水平。     

草坪型多年生黑麦草生殖特性及种子产量构成的研究

草坪型多年生黑麦草开花持续期为 33d ,一般情况下穗轴中部的小穗先开花 ,以后逐渐向顶部和基部发展 ;一个花序上的小花开花大部分集中在前 6d ,大约占 89 3% ;多年生黑麦草花后 2 6～ 2 7d ,小穗干重最大 ,其含水量为 41 1 5 % ,种子不易落粒 ,为种子适宜收获期。在种子生产方面 ,构成因子 (株穗数 ,小穗数 )与影响因子 (株高 ,叶重 )共同对草坪型多年生黑麦草的种子产量起作用