Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

进境澳大利亚豌豆细菌性萎蔫病病原菌的分离鉴定

 2008年3月自澳大利亚进口的豌豆种苗病变部位分离到致病性菌株,该菌株能引起豌豆茎部、卷须萎蔫腐烂,叶片褪绿等症状。针刺接种豌豆,发生的病变状态与自然发病的症状相同,且在接种发病植株中又分离到形态上一致的病原菌,得到了柯赫法则的验证。经形态特征、培养性状、生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其为桃色欧文氏菌(Erwinia persicina)。这是我国首次从进境豌豆中检出该病害。     

Activation of systemic disease resistance in pea by an avirulent bacterium or a benzothiadiazole, but not by a fungal leaf spot pathogen

Inoculation of first expanded leaves of pea seedlings with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi , or treatment with sprays of a benzothiadiazole (20 or 100  μ g a.i. mL⁻¹), decreased the susceptibility of subsequent leaves 7 or 14 days later to challenge inoculation with Mycosphaerella pinodes . Inoculation of first leaves with a virulent strain of P. syringae pv. pisi or with M. pinodes did not decrease the susceptibility of plants to M. pinodes . Treatments effective in decreasing susceptibility to M. pinodes were similarly active against Uromyces viciae-fabae and virulent P. syringae pv. pisi . Effective treatments also enhanced the activities of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in untreated upper leaves 6 days later. Ineffective treatments for decreased susceptibility had no effect on the activity of the enzymes. None of the treatments enhanced peroxidase activities. The results are discussed in relation to the reported signalling effects of the benzothiadiazole and in relation to a suggested high activity of the avirulent P. syringae pv. pisi strain and inactivity of M. pinodes in enhancing natural signalling.     

油莱、豌豆茬对土壤肥力和微生物影响的探讨

研究了不同茬口对土壤肥力的结果表明,豌豆茬好,小麦茬差,油菜茬居中。豌豆茬、油菜茬和休闲地肥力水平接近,产量无明显差异。豌豆茬、油菜茬后作产量高,有益微生物数量多,特别是固氮菌和纤维素分解菌占优势。休闲茬有效养分虽高,但却消耗了土壤潜在的肥力。     

收获期豌豆籽粒离散元仿真参数标定

针对收获期豌豆籽粒在脱粒与清选仿真模拟中缺乏准确离散元仿真参数的难题,采用物理试验和仿真试验相结合的方法对豌豆籽粒仿真参数进行标定。以籽粒堆积角为评价指标,通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选显著性参数,借助最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验得到显著性参数最优组合,通过仿真试验标定非显著性参数。结果表明：籽粒间碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.364、0.519和0.444;豌豆籽粒-钢碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦系数和滚动摩擦系数分别为0.505、0.462和0.090;物理和仿真试验堆积角分别为19.841°和19.714°,其相对误差为0.64%。研究可为豌豆机械化收获过程离散元仿真分析提供参考。     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。     

6 种豇豆属植物耐盐性评价及光合特性研究

采用沙培方法,研究盐胁迫（300 mmol/L）对 6 种豇豆属植物幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明：① 盐 处理 6 d 后,贼小豆的叶绿素（Chlorophyll,Chl）含量显著降低,叶片相对含水量（Relative Water Content,RWC）、 质膜透性（Electrolyte Leakage,EL）和枯叶率（Withered Leaf Rate,WLR）显著增加,而滨豇豆均没有显著差异;主 成分分析、相关分析及隶属函数分析结果表明,WLR 与 EL 呈极显著正相关,RWC、Chl 含量呈显著负相关;主成分 分析得到 2 个主成分 PC1 和 PC2,可以解释总变化的 92.75%;隶属函数排名表明,滨豇豆的耐盐能力最好,贼小豆最 差。② 滨豇豆的净光合速率（Pn）、胞间 CO2 浓度（Ci）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm） 和最大荧光产量（Fm）、PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]均没有显著差异,而贼小豆除 Y(NO)显著增加外,其余均显著 降低。     

青海东部农区小黑麦与豆科牧草的混播组合与混播比例

为筛选适宜青海省东部农区推广的小黑麦( × Triticosecale Wittmack)与豆科牧草的混播组合及比例,采用裂区设计,研究了‘甘农2号’小黑麦与两种豆科牧草[‘青建1号’饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)和毛苕子(Vicia villosa)]不同混播比例(0?? 100、20?? 80、30?? 70、40?? 60、50?? 50、60?? 40、70?? 30、80?? 20、100?? 0)的混播效应。结果表明：从混播组合看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆混播的平均鲜草产量(41.80 t·hm–2)最高;从混播比例看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与豆科牧草50?? 50混播时平均鲜草产量(44.45 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和豆科牧草单播平均分别提高了17.94%和17.53%;混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明,‘甘农2号’小黑麦和‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例混播时总鲜草产量(45.55 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和饲用豌豆单播分别提高了20.09%和17.00%。相关分析表明,混播群体的鲜草产量与小黑麦株高呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),与豆科牧草株高呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。因此,在青海省东部农区推荐‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例进行混播。     

不同根瘤菌株对半无叶型豌豆生育特征、产量及品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,对加拿大豌豆品种M.P.1824接种8株豌豆根瘤菌菌株,研究其对豌豆生育特征、产量及品质的影响。结果显示:与不接种对照相比,接种根瘤菌可以延长豌豆生育期,促进后期豌豆植株生长,提高产量,增加籽粒粗蛋白质、粗纤维含量,以及降低可溶性糖含量。其中,接种菌株ACCC 16058豌豆初花期、盛花初荚期、盛荚期及成熟期分别推迟3.1、5.2、4.8及12d,盛花初荚期分枝数增加45.5%,成熟期株高增加16.61%,单株荚数、单株粒数、单株籽粒干重及单盆籽粒干重分别提高76.67%、85.54%、65.13%和36.71%,均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。接种商用菌株F98,可显著提高籽粒粗蛋白质含量与降低籽粒可溶性糖含量(P<0.05),增减量分别为+12.37%、-37.77%;接种CCBAU 43228和CCBAU 43232的籽粒粗纤维含量分别增加1.24和1.20倍,且比F98菌株增加39.7%和37.6%,均达极显著水平(P<0.01);其中接种CCBAU 43232处理可溶性糖含量降低35.65%,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。综合分析表明,M.P.1824盆栽条件下接种菌株ACCC 16058表现最佳。     

菜用荷兰豆新品种苏豌1号及高产栽培技术

荷兰豆是中国南方冬季栽培的主要菜用豆类蔬菜之一,近几年随着人们对豆类蔬菜的喜爱而种植面积日益扩大。但目前南方地区普遍缺少适合本地区栽培的菜用豌豆新品种及高产栽培技术。苏豌1号是本单位最新选育的菜用荷兰豆新品种,2010年12月通过江苏省鉴定,对该品种的选育过程、主要特征特性、高产栽培技术进行了介绍。