Effect of Prosopis (mesquite) invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in semi-arid Nama Karoo rangeland,South Africa

The Nama-Karoo is the largest of the three biomes that comprise the semi-arid Karoo-Namib ecoregion of southern Africa. Large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland have been invaded by alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis. We assessed the impact of Prosopis invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in heavily grazed Nama-Karoo rangeland on two sheep farms in the Beaufort West district of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Our results suggest that, below critical threshold cover levels, Prosopis trees do not affect indigenous vegetation and add to overall rangeland vegetation cover. However, once Prosopis cover exceeds critical thresholds, the trees begin to negatively impact on indigenous vegetation (especially grasses) and overall vegetation cover. In addition, our data suggest that vegetation cover recovers after Prosopis clearing, being temporarily higher than pre-invasion levels possibly as a result of enhanced post-invasion soil fertility. Lastly, our results suggest that Prosopis trees reduce rangeland erosion potential at low cover and increase it after they exceed critical threshold cover. Information about thresholds of Prosopis impact can be used to direct clearing efforts for maximum benefit when resources are limited.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区马铃薯生长动态及产量、品质的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下马铃薯生长动态及其产量、品质的变化特征,在典型半干旱区（甘肃定西）利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台,以马铃薯‘新大坪’为供试品种,设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)和590 μmol·mol^-1共2个CO₂浓度梯度,开展CO₂浓度增加模拟试验。结果表明：CO₂浓度增加至590 μmol·mol^-1时,马铃薯发育加快,生育期提前,全生育期天数缩短3 d;CO₂浓度升高对马铃薯株高、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和叶片水势有明显促进作用。随着生育进程的推移,马铃薯地上部干物质生产对CO₂浓度的响应值呈现先变大再变小的趋势。CO₂浓度增加促进了马铃薯块茎产量的提高,单株结薯数和单株薯块质量也有所增加。与对照相比,590 μmol·mol^-1CO₂处理马铃薯块茎水分、蛋白质、维生素C含量以及铁、锌、铜元素含量分别下降3.43%、11.78%、13.09%、25.58%、31.94%和9.76%,而粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗纤维和还原糖含量分别增加10.56%、240.00%、14.28%、106.38%。     

不同整地方式对造林质量的影响

在黑龙江省半干旱地区通过全面整地、开沟整地、穴状整地和不整地对樟子松、云杉、落叶松和银中杨的造林成活率、保存率以及树高和地径生长量影响的试验研究,结果表明:开沟整地可大大提高针叶树的造林成活率和保存率,同时可有效提高樟子松和云杉的林木生长量。     

新疆干旱半干旱农田应用0.2%莪术醇饵剂防治害鼠的效果

为了解0.2%莪术醇饵剂在新疆干旱半干旱农田应用的可行性,2022年4月至7月, 在新疆博州温泉县进行了该药防治害鼠试验。施药在3个试验点(即3个重复)进行, 在害鼠繁殖高峰期前施药, 投放药饵后30、60 d和90 d调查防控效果。结果显示:3个试验区域的结果趋势相似, 校正灭效基本维持在50%以上。与空白对照区相比, 优势鼠种灰仓鼠与根田鼠试验投饵区的雌鼠怀孕率明显下降, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠平均胎仔数明显降低, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠和根田鼠施药区域的鼠类个体的亚成体比例与对照区域明显下降, 说明该药剂对当地害鼠的繁殖具有明显的控制作用, 可达到控制害鼠数量的目的, 适口性也较好, 可以在当地推广应用。     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

基于Meta分析评价秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同生态区域小麦产量的影响

为了明确秸秆覆盖对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响,利用Meta定量分析方法分析秸秆覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温条件下小麦产量的影响。以“半干旱区”、“秸秆覆盖”和“小麦产量”为关键词搜集、筛选并整理1970-2019年公开发表的相关文献,建立综合文献数据库。分析秸秆覆盖、不同秸秆覆盖量、不同年均降雨量和不同年均积温与小麦产量的关系。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可以增加北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域的小麦产量,主要通过增加有效穗数使小麦平均增产12.77%;当秸秆覆盖量为6 000~9 000kg/hm ²时,小麦增产率最高,为14.49%（9.01%~20.52%,CI>95%）;当年均降雨量为200~400mm时,小麦增产率最高,为19.36%（9.86%~28.49%,CI>95%）;当年均积温为0℃~3 000℃时,小麦增产率最高,为19.56%（16.36%~22.39%,CI>95%）。此研究结果可为我国北方半干旱区不同降雨量和积温区域采用秸秆覆盖技术栽培小麦提供理论依据。     

喷灌技术在干旱风沙区的应用研究

喷灌在灌溉技术中具有独特的优势而得到广泛的应用,但因其受风的影响大、蒸发损失多,在风沙区的应用受到了极大的制约。通过对风沙区蒸发和风速分布规律的分析以及风沙区喷灌灌溉试验和喷灌在大田中应用的案例调查,给出了喷灌灌溉水利用效率与风速之间的关系,指出只要很好的利用风沙区蒸发和风速分布规律,避开高蒸发时段和高风速时区,在风沙区进行喷灌仍可获得较高的灌溉水利用效率和灌水均匀度,喷灌在风沙区仍有广阔的应用是前景。     

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计,于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验,设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素,灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平,施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^-2 4个水平,共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明：浅埋滴灌条件下,灌溉量在145.4~350.5 mm时,春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^-2;灌溉量在350.5~436.2 mm时,产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^-2;施氮量在0~146.9 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^-2,施氮量在146.9~195.0 kg·hm^-2时,产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^-2。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量,水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应,当灌溉量为373.1 mm,施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大,分别为115.64、127.50 mm;水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,降低幅度达到52.21%,随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势,增幅为14.73%~20.08%;其中处理6（灌溉量348.2 mm,施氮量195.0 kg·hm^-2)最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素,初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式,参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^-2。     

半干旱区甜菜水分生产函数试验研究

为了研究甜菜的耗水规律和节水方法以达到在半干旱区大面积推广的目的,在具有典型半干旱区气候特征的甘南县,以不同生育期的土壤水分水平作为控制的纸筒甜菜盆栽试验,对甜菜蒸腾量和产量之间的函数关系和生育期耗水规律进行了研究,得出了不同生育期甜菜蒸腾量和产量之间的函数关系.采用Jensen模型进行了水分生产函数的求解,建立了甜菜的水分生产函数模型.试验结果表明,甜菜各个生育期耗水量从小到大依次是苗期、糖分积累期、叶丛生长期和块根增长期,需水高峰期在7月和8月;水分敏感指数的变化规律与甜菜的耗水规律相一致,叶丛生长期的λ值最大,说明这个时期甜菜对水分的需求特别敏感,应该重点进行补水灌溉.     

基于NDVI遥感反演的半干旱沙区耕地地表温度异质性研究

土地荒漠化是半干旱沙区突出的生态环境问题,土地利用是导致该区域土地荒漠化的主要原因,在荒漠化呈整体逆转、局部扩张的背景下,基于地块尺度研究半干旱沙区耕地利用特征,对进一步防治荒漠化、实现生态恢复具有重要意义。本文利用遥感反演的地表温度,分析耕地地块的地表温度特征,并分析形成该特征的原因。结果表明,耕地地表温度总体分布范围较大;在耕地地块温差方面,地块温差较大,遥感影像的行编号条带号为030/120部分的耕地地块温差在0～10 K之间,行编号条带号为030/119部分的耕地地块温差在0～11 K之间,且地块温差大的耕地面积所占比例大;耕地地块边缘的地表平均温度高于地块平均温度。科左后旗自然降水量的空间分异使得耕地地表温度范围较大。坨甸微地形导致自然降水重新分配和耕地地块存在一定高差造成耕地地块温差较大。微地形条件、土壤质量及农业管理措施共同导致了耕地地块边缘的地表温度较高。基于以上研究结果,认为在半干旱沙区进行耕地质量评价时,评价单元的确定宜采用网格法;建议对耕地地块边缘的耕地进行退耕,以进一步防治土地荒漠化和恢复生态。